Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disease

A

A disease is a condition that prevents the body or part of the body functioning properly

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2
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cell ?

A
  • phagocytes

* lymphocytes

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3
Q

What are phagocytes ?

A

They are type of white blood cell that engulf and Digest pathogens

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4
Q

What are pathogens ?

A

Micro-organisms that cause disease

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5
Q

What process occurs when a phagocytes kills a pathogen

A

Phagocytosis

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6
Q

Order of phagocytosis

A
  • Phagocyte recognises the pathogen
  • phagocyte engulfs the pathogen in a process known as phagocytosis where it extends its cytoplasm to engulf it (pseudopodia)
  • the lysozymes containing enzymes move towards the pathogen
  • enzymes break down pathogen
  • useful materials are absorbed, and waste products are removed from the phagocyte
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7
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell, that produce special Y shaped proteins called antibodies. These are attached to special structures on the pathogen called antigens

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8
Q

Where do you find antigens ?

A

On the pathogen

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9
Q

Where do you find antibodies ?

A

In a lymphocyte

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10
Q

What do lymphocytes allow organisms to do ?

A

Build up immunity towards certain diseases

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11
Q

Order of How lymphocytes destroy pathogens

A

• lymphocytes detect pathogen
• lymphocytes release many different types of antibody
• correct antibody connects to the pathogens antigen
• limit the site releases large number of correct antibody
—– lymphocytes can now do two things——
• pathogen is either clump together resulting into death or the antibodies trigger phagocytosis
• then lymphocytes produce cells that produce antibodies very quickly, these are called memory cells

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12
Q

How long to memory cells last?

A

A lifetime

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13
Q

How do you vaccines work ?

A
  • The body is given a vaccine which is a dose of the pathogen normally by injection, this dose is normally a dead pathogen or part of the pathogens cell surface.
  • This stops the pathogen from causing a disease
  • lymphocyte generate antibodies against the pathogen and make memory cells
  • this way vaccines can give us immunity
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14
Q

What are the defence mechanisms for disease in the body ?

A
  • lysozyme in tears
  • skin
  • muchus lining trachea
  • urine
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15
Q

Order of blood clotting

A
  • injured tissues and platelets released the clotting factor - prothrombin activator and calcium ions
  • prothrombin activator converts the blood protein to thrombin
  • thrombin splits fibrinogen to form fibrin
  • fibrin fibres form and mash over the wound, trapping red blood cells and platelets
  • bleeding stops, clot hardens and become smaller
  • New cells grow to repair the wound site
  • enzyme plasmin is released to dissolve clot
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