Nutrition In Animals Flashcards
What are carbohydrates function?
Fuel for respiration
What foods can be a source of carbohydrates?
Bread, rice, and potatoes
What are the functions of proteins?
Growth and repair of cell tissues
What foods can you obtain proteins from?
Meat, eggs and fish
What are the functions of lipids ?
Store energy, insulation, hormones
What foods can you obtain lipids from ?
Butter, cooking oil and avocados
How do carbohydrates act as a fuel for respiration ?
They are broken down into glucose
What is energy measures in ?
KJ
What is iron needed for ?
It forms the part of the haemoglobin that binds to the oxygen
What food can you obtain on from?
Red meat, liver and spinach
What is the disease for iron deficiency ?
Anaemia
What does anaemia cause?
The inside of your eyelids to turn pale pink, and chronic fatigue
What is calcium needed for ?
To form bones and teeth
What foods can you obtain calcium from?
Milk, fish and dairy products
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of calcium?
Rickets
What does Rickets cause?
Malformed legs
What are iron and calcium?
Minerals
What is the function of vitamin a?
Creates a chemical in the retina and also protects the surface of the eye
What foods can you obtain vitamin A from ?
Liver, butter and carrots
What occurs when you have a deficiency in vitamin a?
Night blindness and damaged cornea
What is the function of vitamin c ?
It is needed for cell and tissues to stick together
What food can you obtain vitamin c from ?
Fresh fruit , and vegetables
What is the name of the vitamins C deficiency ?
Scurvy
What is the function of vitamin d ?
It is needed to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from food
What foods can you obtain vitamin d from ?
Dairy products and oily fish
What happens when you have a vitamin D deficiency ?
If you like vitamin di your body cannot absorb calcium so if you don’t have calcium you can get Rickets
What is the function of water?
To transport the components of blood and for temperature regulation
What is the function of fibre ?
Helps the movement of food through the intestine
What food can you obtain fibre from ?
Fruit and vegetables as they contain cellulose
What is the alimentary canal ?
It is the pathway which food travels down
Ingestion
Taking food in through the mouth and swallowing
Digestion
Breaking down food into smaller pieces (Physical digestion) and small molecules (chemical digestions)
Absorption
Taking small food molecules out of the gut and into the blood
Assimilation
Using molecules gained from food to build new molecules, cells and tissues from the body
Egestion
Passing out undigested food through the anus
What two types of digestion occur at the mouth?
Mechanical, and chemical
Mechanical digestion in the mouth
This is breaking up food into smaller pieces by mastication (chewing) chewing increases the surface area for enzymes
Chemical digestion in the mouth
Saliva is released in the mouth by the salivary gland. This lubricates the food but also contains the enzyme amylase. Amylase breaks down carbohydrates
Equation of starch to maltose
Starch —-amaylse—> maltose
What PhD does amylase work best at ?
Neutral
What happens when amylase reaches the stomach ?
It is denatured and stops working
The mouth shapes the food into a ball, called what ?
Bolus
What is the flap in the back of the mouth which blocks the food from entering the trachea called ?
Epiglottus
What is the oesophagus ?
Is a long pipe that connects the mouth to the stomach
How is the food push down in the oesophagus and intestines?
Peristalsis
What are the two sets of muscles at the oesophagus ?
Longitudinal and circular muscles
What two types of digestion occur at the stomach ?
Mechanical and chemical
Why do the muscles in the stomach constantly churn the contents of the stomach ?
Ensuring that all the contents is covered in enzymes
How does chemical digestions happen in th stomach ?
It happens due to the release of pepsin from gastric glands present in the stomach wall
What does pepsin breakdown ?
Protein –pepsin–>polypeptide
What is pepsins optimum pH
Acidic pH
What does the mucus lining in the stomach stop ?
The stomach being burnt through due to hydrochloric acid
What occurs at the small intestine ?
Digestion and absorption
What occurs at the duodenum ?
Digestion
What enzymes are released in the duodenum ?
Amalyse, lipase, trypsin and Maltase
Where are the enzymes that are released in the duodenum produced ?
Pancreas
Equation for the maltase enzyme
Maltose —maltase–> glucose
Equation for lipase enzyme
Lipids —lipase—> 3 fatty acids
+ glycerol
Equation for trypsin enzyme
Polypeptides —-trypsin–> amino
Acids
What is the optimum pH levels of the small intestine enzymes ?
Neutral pH
How does the small intestine neutralise the stomach acid ?
Release bile
Where is bile produced ? And where is it stored ?
Liver and stores in the gall bladder
Where is bile released ?
Bile duct
What is emulsification ?
Bile salts present in the bile break up the fat droplets into tiny droplets. Increasing the surface area. This increases the rate at which lipase can act
What occurs at the Ileum ?
Absorption
What is the ileum covered in?
Lots of folds and villi
What increases the rate of diffusion at the ileum ?
- large surface area
- thin walls
- high density of capillaries
- large blood flow
What are the small projections on the cells lining the villi called ?
Microvilli, these increase surface area
How is most of the food molecules absorbed in the ileum ?
Diffusion
How is glucose absorbed in the ileum ?
Active transport
What two sections are large intestine broken down into?
Colon and rectum
What happens at the colon ?
It is the site for all reabsorption of water
What occurs at the rectum ?
The faeces are stored and egested from the anus
Excretion
The removal of waste substances produced by the body
