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GCSE Biology*** > Nutrition In Animals > Flashcards

Nutrition In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates function?

A

Fuel for respiration

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2
Q

What foods can be a source of carbohydrates?

A

Bread, rice, and potatoes

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3
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Growth and repair of cell tissues

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4
Q

What foods can you obtain proteins from?

A

Meat, eggs and fish

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5
Q

What are the functions of lipids ?

A

Store energy, insulation, hormones

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6
Q

What foods can you obtain lipids from ?

A

Butter, cooking oil and avocados

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7
Q

How do carbohydrates act as a fuel for respiration ?

A

They are broken down into glucose

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8
Q

What is energy measures in ?

A

KJ

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9
Q

What is iron needed for ?

A

It forms the part of the haemoglobin that binds to the oxygen

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10
Q

What food can you obtain on from?

A

Red meat, liver and spinach

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11
Q

What is the disease for iron deficiency ?

A

Anaemia

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12
Q

What does anaemia cause?

A

The inside of your eyelids to turn pale pink, and chronic fatigue

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13
Q

What is calcium needed for ?

A

To form bones and teeth

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14
Q

What foods can you obtain calcium from?

A

Milk, fish and dairy products

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15
Q

What is the disease caused by a deficiency of calcium?

A

Rickets

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16
Q

What does Rickets cause?

A

Malformed legs

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17
Q

What are iron and calcium?

A

Minerals

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18
Q

What is the function of vitamin a?

A

Creates a chemical in the retina and also protects the surface of the eye

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19
Q

What foods can you obtain vitamin A from ?

A

Liver, butter and carrots

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20
Q

What occurs when you have a deficiency in vitamin a?

A

Night blindness and damaged cornea

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21
Q

What is the function of vitamin c ?

A

It is needed for cell and tissues to stick together

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22
Q

What food can you obtain vitamin c from ?

A

Fresh fruit , and vegetables

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23
Q

What is the name of the vitamins C deficiency ?

A

Scurvy

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24
Q

What is the function of vitamin d ?

A

It is needed to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from food

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25
Q

What foods can you obtain vitamin d from ?

A

Dairy products and oily fish

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26
Q

What happens when you have a vitamin D deficiency ?

A

If you like vitamin di your body cannot absorb calcium so if you don’t have calcium you can get Rickets

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27
Q

What is the function of water?

A

To transport the components of blood and for temperature regulation

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28
Q

What is the function of fibre ?

A

Helps the movement of food through the intestine

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29
Q

What food can you obtain fibre from ?

A

Fruit and vegetables as they contain cellulose

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30
Q

What is the alimentary canal ?

A

It is the pathway which food travels down

31
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food in through the mouth and swallowing

32
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food into smaller pieces (Physical digestion) and small molecules (chemical digestions)

33
Q

Absorption

A

Taking small food molecules out of the gut and into the blood

34
Q

Assimilation

A

Using molecules gained from food to build new molecules, cells and tissues from the body

35
Q

Egestion

A

Passing out undigested food through the anus

36
Q

What two types of digestion occur at the mouth?

A

Mechanical, and chemical

37
Q

Mechanical digestion in the mouth

A

This is breaking up food into smaller pieces by mastication (chewing) chewing increases the surface area for enzymes

38
Q

Chemical digestion in the mouth

A

Saliva is released in the mouth by the salivary gland. This lubricates the food but also contains the enzyme amylase. Amylase breaks down carbohydrates

39
Q

Equation of starch to maltose

A

Starch —-amaylse—> maltose

40
Q

What PhD does amylase work best at ?

A

Neutral

41
Q

What happens when amylase reaches the stomach ?

A

It is denatured and stops working

42
Q

The mouth shapes the food into a ball, called what ?

A

Bolus

43
Q

What is the flap in the back of the mouth which blocks the food from entering the trachea called ?

A

Epiglottus

44
Q

What is the oesophagus ?

A

Is a long pipe that connects the mouth to the stomach

45
Q

How is the food push down in the oesophagus and intestines?

A

Peristalsis

46
Q

What are the two sets of muscles at the oesophagus ?

A

Longitudinal and circular muscles

47
Q

What two types of digestion occur at the stomach ?

A

Mechanical and chemical

48
Q

Why do the muscles in the stomach constantly churn the contents of the stomach ?

A

Ensuring that all the contents is covered in enzymes

49
Q

How does chemical digestions happen in th stomach ?

A

It happens due to the release of pepsin from gastric glands present in the stomach wall

50
Q

What does pepsin breakdown ?

A

Protein –pepsin–>polypeptide

51
Q

What is pepsins optimum pH

A

Acidic pH

52
Q

What does the mucus lining in the stomach stop ?

A

The stomach being burnt through due to hydrochloric acid

53
Q

What occurs at the small intestine ?

A

Digestion and absorption

54
Q

What occurs at the duodenum ?

A

Digestion

55
Q

What enzymes are released in the duodenum ?

A

Amalyse, lipase, trypsin and Maltase

56
Q

Where are the enzymes that are released in the duodenum produced ?

A

Pancreas

57
Q

Equation for the maltase enzyme

A

Maltose —maltase–> glucose

58
Q

Equation for lipase enzyme

A

Lipids —lipase—> 3 fatty acids

+ glycerol

59
Q

Equation for trypsin enzyme

A

Polypeptides —-trypsin–> amino

Acids

60
Q

What is the optimum pH levels of the small intestine enzymes ?

A

Neutral pH

61
Q

How does the small intestine neutralise the stomach acid ?

A

Release bile

62
Q

Where is bile produced ? And where is it stored ?

A

Liver and stores in the gall bladder

63
Q

Where is bile released ?

A

Bile duct

64
Q

What is emulsification ?

A

Bile salts present in the bile break up the fat droplets into tiny droplets. Increasing the surface area. This increases the rate at which lipase can act

65
Q

What occurs at the Ileum ?

A

Absorption

66
Q

What is the ileum covered in?

A

Lots of folds and villi

67
Q

What increases the rate of diffusion at the ileum ?

A
  • large surface area
  • thin walls
  • high density of capillaries
  • large blood flow
68
Q

What are the small projections on the cells lining the villi called ?

A

Microvilli, these increase surface area

69
Q

How is most of the food molecules absorbed in the ileum ?

A

Diffusion

70
Q

How is glucose absorbed in the ileum ?

A

Active transport

71
Q

What two sections are large intestine broken down into?

A

Colon and rectum

72
Q

What happens at the colon ?

A

It is the site for all reabsorption of water

73
Q

What occurs at the rectum ?

A

The faeces are stored and egested from the anus

74
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of waste substances produced by the body

GCSE Biology*** (22 decks)

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