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GCSE Biology*** > Nerves And Sensitivity > Flashcards

Nerves And Sensitivity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three things that a coordinated response requires ?

A

A stimulus , a receptor and an effector

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2
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Change in the animals surrounding

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3
Q

What is a receptor?

A

The organ which detects the change

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4
Q

What is an effector ?

A

Muscles that move

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5
Q

What happens when receptors detect a stimulus ?

A

Receptor changes its energy into nerve impulses

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6
Q

What are the two types of nervous system ?

A
  • Central nervous system

* peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of ? And what does it do ?

A

Brain and spinal cord

And coordinates all the nervous responses like moving or reflexes

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8
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

And what does it do ?

A

Nerves and it sends impulses to all the effectors

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9
Q

What are nerve cells ?

And give examples of some ?

A

neurones,

And skin and muscles are examples of them

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10
Q

What are the three types of neurone ?

A
  • sensory neurone
  • relay neurone
  • Motor neurone
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11
Q

What neurone do impulses from receptors pass along ?

A

Sensory neurone

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12
Q

What neurone do you impulses from the CNS pass along ?

A

Relay neurone

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13
Q

What neurone do impulses to effectors pass along ?

A

Motor neurone

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14
Q

Why is your response to a stimulus quicker by sight then touch ?

A
  • Optic nerve to the brain/CNS is closer than the fingers to the brain
  • not as many synapses to pass across
  • synapses slow impulses down as neurotransmitters need to diffuse across the synapse
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15
Q

What is a dendrite ?

A

Tree like projections which connect to different neurons

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16
Q

What is the cell body of a neurone ?

A

The main section of the cell, containing the nucleus

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17
Q

What is the axon ?

A

The long section in which the signal is sent

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18
Q

What is the myelin sheath ?

A

The insulating layer

19
Q

What are reflexes ?

A

Are automated actions which do not involve the brain. They are very fast actions which involve the three neurones

20
Q

What is the movement of the impulse from receptor to effector called ?

A

Reflex arc

21
Q

Order of the reflex arc

A
  • The receptors detect stimulus change and send an impulse along a sensory neurone
  • The sensory neuron passes the impulse across the spinal cord to a relay neurone , the gap between neurones are called a synapse. The relay neurone then passes the impulse to a motor neuron
  • The motor neuron causes the factor to contract and move the body put away from the stimulus
22
Q

Order of the synapse

A
  • and impulse travels along the sensory neurone until it reaches a synapse
  • The impulse triggers the release of chemical transmitters called neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the synapse
  • The neurotransmitters are complimentary to receptors on the other neurone and bind to the surface
  • A new impulse travels along the relay neurone
23
Q

What sort of organ is the eye ?

A

A sensory organ

24
Q

What does the brain do to the impulse that is sent from the eye ?

A

Convert that information into an image which is what we “see”

25
Q

What is the cornea

A

Are curved transparent disk at the front of the eye. Does most of the focusing.

26
Q

What is the pupil ?

A

A circular opening who size is controlled by the iris

27
Q

What is the iris ?

A

Ring of muscle with a hole in the middle called the pupil . The iris controls how much light enters the eye

28
Q

What is the lens ?

A

This is soft, flexible and transparent. Its shape can be changed to find tune the focusing of light on the retina

29
Q

What is the ciliary muscles ?

A

Ring of muscle at the edge of the eye which circles the lines. When it contracts the lens gets fatter. When it relaxes the lens gets thinner

30
Q

What is the suspensory ligament ?

A

Strong fibres which attach the lens to the ciliary muscle

31
Q

What is the retina?

A

Contains light sensitive cells called rods and cones

32
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

Consisting of many neurones which carry impulses from the retina to the brain

33
Q

What is the fovea ?

A

The region of the retina with the greatest number of cones

34
Q

What is conjunctiva ?

A

Mucous membrane that covers the eye to prevent infection

35
Q

What happens to your eye in dim light ?

A

Pupil dialation
• radial muscles contract
• circular muscles relax

36
Q

What happens to your eye in bright light ?

A

Pupil contraction
• radial muscles relax
• circular muscles contract

37
Q

What is the anagram to help remember what happens to your eye in different lights ?

A

Pupil contraction , circular , contract

38
Q

What is the name given to describe the ability of the eye to focus on near and far objects ?

A

Accommodation

39
Q

What happens to the eye when a object is far away ?

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax
  • this makes the suspensory ligaments tight
  • making the lens long and thin
  • meaning less convex
  • refracting less light
40
Q

What happens to the eye when object is close ?

A
  • ciliary muscles contract
  • making the suspensory ligaments relax
  • making the lens short and fat
  • and more convex
  • refracting more light
41
Q

What is the anagram to remember what happens to the eye when objects are close and far away ?

A

Close, ciliary contract, more convex

42
Q

What happens in short-sighted people ?

A
  • light focuses short of the retina
  • it is corrected by using a diverging lens
  • short-sighted people can’t see objects far away
43
Q

What happens in long-sighted people ?

A
  • light focuses long of the retina
  • it is corrected using a converging lens
  • long-sighted people cannot focus on close objects very well
44
Q

What is a blind spot ?

A

What your optic nerve is and there are no rights or cones on the optic nerve, so you cannot see anything there .

GCSE Biology*** (22 decks)

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