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GCSE Biology*** > Food Production > Flashcards

Food Production Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do farmers grow there crops in greenhouses?

A
  • farmers want to get maximum yield for there crops
  • this means they have to control the environment the crops are in to help produce a bigger yield
  • they cannot control the environment in an open field, but can in a greenhouse
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2
Q

What are the benefits of growing crops in a greenhouse?

A
  • transparent material allows allows natural light for photosynthesis.Artificial light gives light during winter when there is none
  • the greenhouse effect raises temp
  • burning fossil fuel gives additional heat, and produces CO2 and water vapour
  • this water vapour increases humidity, so lesss water is lost to transpiration
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3
Q

What can the farmers control within the greenhouse ?

A
  • heat
  • light
  • CO2 in the air
  • amount of water the crops get
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4
Q

What are fertilisers?

A

They provide elements needed by plants to grow

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5
Q

What is nitrates needed for?

A

Production of Proteins

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6
Q

What are magnesium ions needed for?

A

Production of chlorophyll

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7
Q

What are the two types of fertilisers?

A
  • organic

- inorganic

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8
Q

What are organic fertilisers?

A
  • made from faeces, sometimes mixed with straw, and compost from legumes
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9
Q

What are inorganic fertilisers?

A
  • inorganic compounds carefully formulated to yield a specific concentration of a particular ion when applied according to the manufactures instructions
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10
Q

Advantages of organic fertilisers

A
  • improves soil structure
  • greater range of minerals
  • releases minerals over a longer period of time
  • cheap as already available on the farm
    (Manure)
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11
Q

Disadvantages of organic fertilisers

A
  • slow acting, has to be decomposed first
  • bulkier, harder to apply
  • may contain pests
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12
Q

Advantages of inorganic fertilisers

A
  • mineral ions release immediately so are fast acting
  • contents are known
  • easy to apply
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13
Q

Disadvantages of inorganic fertilisers

A
  • can lead to eutrophication
  • more expensive that organic
  • only contains certain mineral ions
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14
Q

What is another way to replace lost nitrates than using fertilisers?

A
  • grow legume crops, such as clover
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15
Q

Why would you grow legume crops?

A
  • these plants have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nodules on their roots
  • they convert nitrogen gas in the air into ammonium ions
  • some is passed to the plants it make proteins
  • when the crop is ploughed the protein in the crop decomposes and ammonium is released into the soil
  • this ammonium is then converted to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria and is available for the next years crops to use
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16
Q

What are pests?

A

They are organisms that reduce the yield of crop plants or stock animals

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17
Q

How can pests be controlled?

A
  • chemicals called pesticides

- using other organisms to reduce the number of pests ( biological control )

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18
Q

What are pesticides that kill plants called?

A

Herbicides

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19
Q

What are the pesticides that kill insects called?

A

Insecticides

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20
Q

What are the pesticides that kill fungi called?

A

Fungicides

21
Q

What are pesticides that kill molluscs called? (Snails and slugs)

A

Molluscicides

22
Q

Why can pesticides damage the ecosystem?

A

Often the pesticide molecules are passed higher up the food chain, becoming concentrated in the tissue of the top carnivores

23
Q

Why might farmers not kill pests?

A
  • the cost of pesticides are expensive and if the pest isn’t in large numbers it might not cause excessive damage
  • the increase in income must be set against the cost of pesticides
24
Q

What is biological control?

A

Using a predator species rather than a toxic chemical to reduce the numbers of pests

25
Q

Why does biological control never eradicate the pest?

A
  • otherwise the organism that killed off the pest would die too
  • the aim is to reduce the pest numbers to a level where there is no longer a significant economic damage
26
Q

Advantages of pesticides

A
  • reduces pest population instantly

- can kill the whole population of pests

27
Q

Disadvantages of using pesticides

A
  • cost
  • not specific to the pest itself, can kill other insects or plants that are useful such as pollinating insects
  • pests can become resistant to chemical
  • chemicals can concentrate in all organisms higher in the food chain
  • eutrophication can occur
28
Q

Advantages of biological control

A
  • organism only introduced once as it will reproduce
  • only one cost for initial introduction
  • pest specific
  • pest will not become resistant
  • no effect on other animals in the food chain
29
Q

Disadvantages of biological control

A
  • takes time to reduce pest population
  • not all population killed
  • expensive if re-populating is required
  • organism can reproduce rapidly and cause disruption
30
Q

What is the anaerobic equation in plants and fungi?

A

Glucose ——> ethanol + carbon dioxide

31
Q

What breaks down the glucose in brewing ?

A

The anaerobic respiration of yeast

32
Q

What is the alcohol in beer?

A

Ethanol

33
Q

What is the source of sugar in beer?

A

Malted barley

34
Q

Why is hops added?

A

To add flavour

35
Q

What bacterium is used to make yoghurt?

A

Lactobacillus Bulgaricus

36
Q

Describe beer production

A
  • Barley is mixed with water and left malt
  • germinating barley seeds make amylase to digest starch and amylase breaks down starch to maltose
  • malted barley is dried and crushed, the mixed with water and mashed
  • mash is boiled and filtered
  • hops are added for flavour
  • Aftercooling yeast is added and the mixture is fermented in tanks, yeast respires anaerobically releasing carbon dioxide and ethanol
  • beer is cleared= A chemical clears the yeast make it settle at the bottom of the tank
  • beer is pasteurised and any remaining microorganisms in the mixture are killed making it safe for sale
37
Q

Describe yoghurt production

A
  • milk is pasteurised at 90° to kill any harmful microorganisms
  • milk is homogenised to disperse any fat globules
  • milk is cooled to 40-45° so lactobacillus bacteria can be introduced without it being denatured
  • incubated at 40 to 45°C for several hours, to allow the lactobacillus to digests the milk proteins and ferment lactose to lactic acid
  • The yoghurt mixture becomes thick, as the lactic acid makes the pH become acidic making milk proteins coagulate
  • yoghurt is stirred and cooled to 5°
38
Q

What is the purpose of the cooking jacket?

A

Removes the heat energy, stopping the fermenters enzymes denaturing

39
Q

What’s the purpose of the air filter?

A

Filters air coming in, maintaining sterile conditions

40
Q

What’s the purpose of the stirrers?

A

Keep the broth well stirred to oxygenate all parts of the fermenter and prevent micro-organisms settling

41
Q

What is purpose of the growth medium?

A

Contains all necessary glucose and amino acids for micro-organism growth

42
Q

What is the purpose of super-heated steam?

A

Applied before the fermenter is used, killing unwanted micro-organisms

43
Q

How do farmers make their fish grow large?

A
  • feed high lipid and protein food to promote rapid growth
  • regular feeding with small amounts so all is eaten
  • selective breeding
44
Q

What happens when there is more than one species of fish in a pond?

A
  • Interspecific competition = different species will compete for food and some species may be wiped out
  • predation = Carnivorous species will prey on other fish
45
Q

What is the solution for interspecific competition?

A

Place different fish in different tanks

46
Q

What is the solution for predation?

A

Placing A cover on top of the ponds will reduce predation from birds

47
Q

What happens if you put too many individuals in one pond?

A
  • intraspecific competition = larger individuals will outcompete smaller individuals for food or large individuals may prey on smaller individuals
  • infectious disease = parasites and pathogens spread quickly if the fish are too close together
48
Q

What is the solution having too many individuals in one pond?

A
  • separate fish by age and size

- remove infected fish quickly and add antibiotics to the water to kill bacteria

49
Q

How do fish farms affect the environment?

A
  • Fish may escape and outcompete or interbreed with local species
  • parasites or pathogens can be introduced into ecosystems by farming fish
  • Excess food and waste from fish can cause eutrophication

GCSE Biology*** (22 decks)

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