Plant Cells

Question 1

Chloroplasts

Answer 1

convert light energy of Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. called photosynthesis and all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast

Question 2

Cellulose Cell Wall

Answer 2

Cell walls made of cellulose are only found around plant cells and a few other organisms. Cellulose is a specialized sugar that is classified as a structural carbohydrate and not used for energy. The cell is protected from the outside world by a structure that provides protection and support the cells shape

Question 3

Vacuoles

Answer 3

Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination. Eventually, those waste products would be sent out of the cell

Question 4

Amyloplasts

Answer 4

where starch is made from glucose and stored until the plant has need of it.

Starch converted back to glucose when plant needs energy

Question 5

Plasmodesmata

Answer 5

Plasmodesmata are narrow channels that act as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate communication and transport of materials between plant cells. The plasmodesmata serve to connect the symplastic space in the plant and are extremely specialized channels that allow for intercellular movement of water, various nutrients, and other molecules.

Question 6

Pits

Answer 6

They act as the channels for the transport of water and minerals between adjacent cells. Pits of two neighboring cells are usually located opposite to each other and these opposite pits together are called pit pair.

Question 7

Tonoplast

Answer 7

Surrounds vacuole, or organelle present in cells of plants and fungi.

tonoplast also known as the vacuolar membrane. tonoplast is a stretchy membrane, and its main function is to protect the vacuole and isolate it from harmful substances

Question 8

Middle Lamella

Answer 8

In plant tissues, cells are glued to each other by a pectic polysaccharide rich material known as middle lamella. Middle lamella plays maintain the structure of plant tissues and organs, as it prevents the cells from separating or sliding against each other.

Question 9

Palisade Cell Structure

Answer 9

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Question 10

The Palisade Layer

Answer 10

The Palisade Layer consists of long, thin Palisade Mesophyll Cells. They are specialised for carrying out Photosynthesis since they contain large amounts of Chlorophyll, and their long shape maximises light absorption

Question 11

Root Hair Cell

Answer 11

Plants absorb water from the soil by osmosis. They absorb mineral ions by active transport, against the concentration gradient. Root hair cells are adapted for taking up water and mineral ions by having a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption. They also contain lots of mitochondria, which release energy from glucose during respiration in order to provide the energy needed for active transport.

Question 12

Root Hair Cell - the absorbed water is transported through the roots to the rest of the plant where it is used for different purposes:

Answer 12

• It is a reactant used in photosynthesis
• It supports leaves and shoots by keeping the cells rigid
• It cools the leaves by evaporation
• It transports dissolved minerals around the plant

Question 13

Stomata

Answer 13

Stomata are tiny holes found in the underside of leaves. They control water loss and gas exchange by opening and closing. They allow water vapour and oxygen out of the leaf and carbon dioxide into the leaf.

Question 14

Guard Cells

Answer 14

Guard cells are adapted to their function by allowing gas exchange and controlling water loss within the leaf.

In bright light the guard cells take in water by osmosis and become plump and turgid. In low light the guard cells lose water and become flaccid, causing the stomata to close. They would normally only close in the dark when no carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.

Question 15

Cuticle

Answer 15

It is generally waxy to protect the leaf and prevent water loss. When you touch a leaf, you may feel this waxy coating, and on some plants, such as holly, you may actually be able to see the waxy coat shine a bit.

Question 16

Spongy Mesophyll

Answer 16

Efficient for gas exchange. The spongy mesophyll cells are covered by a thin layer of water. Gases dissolve in this water as they move into and out of the cells.

Question 17

Epidermis

Answer 17

It helps protect the leaf by aiding in preventing water loss and providing an extra layer between the outside and inside of the leaf.

Question 18

Palisade Mesophyll

Answer 18

The palisade mesophyll layer of the leaf is adapted to absorb light efficiently. The cells:

• Are packed with many chloroplasts
• Are column-shaped and arranged closely together
• Towards the upper surface of the leaf

Question 19

Phloem

Answer 19

The phloem moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis to where they are needed for processes such as:

• growing parts of the plant for immediate use
• storage organs such as bulbs and tubers
• developing seeds

Transport in the phloem is therefore both up and down the stem. Transport of substances in the phloem is called translocation.

Question 20

Xylem

Answer 20

The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots up the plant stem and into the leaves.

Transport in the xylem is a physical process. It does not require energy.

Question 21

Veins

Answer 21

Xylem

Phloem

Question 22

Vessels

Answer 22

In a mature flowering plant or tree, most of the cells that make up the xylem are specialised cells called vessels.

Lose their end walls so the xylem forms a continuous, hollow tube.
Become strengthened by a chemical called lignin. The cells are no longer alive. Lignin gives strength and support to the plant. We call lignified cells wood.