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Year 4 > Pigs > Flashcards

Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average UK mortality rate for piglets pre-weaning?

A

12.4%

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2
Q

Why may it be harmful to give piglets broad-spectrum antibiotics at birth?

A

Harmful effects on the development of the gut and nasopharyngeal microbiome

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3
Q

Give some non-infectious causes of scour in piglets pre-weaning

A

Milk scour

Nutritional scour

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4
Q

Give some viral causes of scour in piglets pre-weaning

A

Rotavirus
PED/TGE (porcine epidemic diarrhoea/transmissible gastro-enteritis)
PRRS

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5
Q

Give some bacterial causes of scour in piglets pre-weaning

A

E.coli

Clostridium perfringens type C or A

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6
Q

Give some parasitic causes of scour in piglets pre-weaning

A

Isospora suis (coccidia)
Cryptosporidiosis (protozoa)
Strongyloides

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7
Q

Give some triggers of scour in pre-weaners

A 
Poor hygiene
Lack of colostrum
Draughts/chilling
Fostering
Lack of sow immunity
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8
Q

What kind of scour is seen with viral scours?

A

Watery, profuse scour
Mostly produce villous atrophy in SI
Dehydration kills

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9
Q

How many strains of rotavirus are there?

A

4

No cross immunity

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10
Q

Give some clinical signs of rotavirus infection

A

Sudden death, distended abdomen, rapid decomposition

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11
Q

How can you control rotavirus infection?

A

Improve hygiene
Reduce chilling
Improve immunity (no vaccine; controlled exposure or ‘feedback’ with sows in late pregnancy using scour material to increase immunity)
Electrolyte support

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12
Q

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea and transmissible gastroenteritis are types of what?

A

Coronavirus

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13
Q

What kind of diarrhoea is seen with PED and TGE? (porcine epidemic diarrhoea and transmissible gastroenteritis)?

A

Profuse watery scour and vomiting

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14
Q

Can you vaccinate against PRRS?

A

Yes-sows

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15
Q

Give some clinical signs of PRRS in pre-weaners

A

Chemosis (oedema of conjunctiva)
Bruising/anaemia
Weak piglets
Coughing (rare)

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16
Q

How could you sample for PRRS?

A

Saliva sampling for ELISA or PCR

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17
Q

How does PRRS affect the immune system?

A

Destroys macrophages in the lung

Relates to waning MDAs

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18
Q

Is E.coli more common in indoor or outdoor pigs?

A

Indoor

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19
Q

What kind of scour is seen with E.coli?

A

Watery to flocculating to creamy scour

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20
Q

E.coli tends to affect pre-weaners at what age?

A

1-3 days (ie earlier than viral infections)

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21
Q

How do you treat E.coli?

A

Oral or systemic antibiotics
Choose based on confirmatory tests
Often only fluoroquinalones are effective (last resort)
Electrolyte support

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22
Q

How can you control E.coli?

A 
Vaccinate sows (only controls disease in first 3-4 days of piglets life)
Probiotics, yoghurt
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23
Q

What would you see on a PM of a piglet with clostridium perfringens type C?

A

Acute neonatal haemorrhagic enteritis due to B toxin

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24
Q

Does clostridium perfringens type C affect mostly indoor or outdoor pigs?

A

Outdoor

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25
Q

When do piglets usually die from clostridium perfringens type C?

A

Within 24 hours of birth

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26
Q

How can you treat clostridium perfringens type C?

A

Antibiotics: penicillin or beta-lactams

Need to treat at birth

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27
Q

How can you control clostridium perfringens type C?

A

Vaccinate sows pre-farrowing (2 doses followed by yearly boosters each parity)

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28
Q

What kind of scour is seen with clostridium perfringens type A?
Any other clinical signs?
When is disease seen?

A

Low-grade pasty scour
Weight loss
Disease seen from 6 hours old til weaning

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29
Q

How can you treat clostridium perfringens type A?

A

Penicillin-based antibiotics
Reduce fostering
Electrolytes

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30
Q

How can you prevent clostridium perfringens type A?

A

Short-term prophylaxis with antibiotics at birth

Vaccinate sows

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31
Q

Coccidiosis tends to affect piglets of what age?

A

2-3 weeks old

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32
Q

Describe scour seen with coccidiosis in piglets

When does scour stop?

A

Non-fatal yellow pasty scour, occasionally with tiny blood flecks
Unresponsive to treatment
Scour stops when milk is withdrawn at weaning, but can leave gut damage with post-weaning fading

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33
Q

How can you control coccidiosis in piglets?

A 
Hygiene 
Toltrazuril (coccidiostat) at 96hrs +/- 12 hrs old, single dose 0.4ml/kg
In severe outbreaks, give a second dose at 10 days
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34
Q

How can you diagnose enteric disease in piglets?

A

Sacrifice live unaffected pigs, fix gut sections in saline plus fresh gut contents
Test for virology, bacteriology, Cl toxins, histopathology
Test scour (virology, bacteriology, toxins)
Rectal swabs (bacteriology +/- PCR)

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35
Q

Describe ‘milk scour’ in pre-weaners

A

3 weeks onwards
Gut overload
Self-limiting unless secondary infection

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36
Q

Give some causes of nutritional scour in pre-weaners

A

Excessive creep feed
Indigestible creep feed
Stale/oxidised creep feed

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37
Q

Give some causes of nervous disease in piglets

A

Vitamin A deficiency
Meningitis/septicaemia
Miscellaneous poisons (heavy metals, plants, pharmaceuticals)
Aujeszky’s disease

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38
Q

Describe a congenital tremor of grade CT A2 in piglets

A

Cerebellar atrophy plus hypomyelinogenesis
Ceases when pigs are asleep
Will recover providing pigs can suckle (4-6 weeks old)
Splay leg
Unknown virus, suspect spread in semen

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39
Q

How do bacteraemia, septicaemia, joint ill and meningitis occur in piglets?

A

Penetration of bacteria through teeth clipping, navel, wounds, tail docking, tonsil, prenatal infection
Caused by environmental contaminants eg staphs, streps, E coli

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40
Q

Give some clinical signs of meningitis/septicaemia/joint ill and bacteraemia?

A

Range from:

  • Sudden death
  • Convulsions (paddling)
  • Acute lameness +/- visibly swollen joints
  • Pyrexia
  • Pain-muscle fasciculation
  • Nystagmus
  • Opisthotonus
  • Cyanosis of extremities
  • Subcutaneous petechial haemorrhages
  • Collapse
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41
Q

When doing a PM on a piglet with septicaemia, how would the joints look?

A

Fluid in the joint cavities

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42
Q

How would you treat meningitis/septicaemia/joint ill/bacteraemia in piglets?
What about control?

A

Systemic antibiotics
NSAIDs/analgesia

Control: colostrum intake, hygiene, iodine dips, pre-farrowing treatment of sows

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43
Q

What is arthrogriposis?

A

Congenital joint contractures in 2 or more areas of the body

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44
Q

When are piglets weaned?

A

28 days (21=absolute minimum)

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45
Q

What is the target weight for piglets at weaning?

A

7kg at average of 28 days

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46
Q

How does a piglet’s gut change during weaning?

A

Villous atrophy- natural consequence of removing liquid diet

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47
Q

Why may a piglet fail to wean?

A

Too young
Underweight (3.5-4kg minimum)
Inadequate gut development
Poor hygiene
Chilling (hypothermia)
Behavioural problems (don’t adapt to losing mum)
Biological deficiencies (dietary insufficiency, disease challenges)

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48
Q

How would you identify a piglet that has failed to wean?

A 
Loss of condition, slab-sided, hairy, oversized head 
Not eating or drinking
Navel-sucking
Tail biting and other vices
Slow death
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49
Q

How can you prevent failing weaners?

A 
Only wean suitable pigs (above 4kg)
Into suitable accommodation
Onto suitable food
Tight farrowing patterns
Identify and treat disease challenges before and after weaning
Aspirin in water for 5 days
Organic acid in water
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50
Q

What should you do with failing weaners?

A 
If not viable/saleable-euthanise 
Specialist hospital
Supplementary milk
Liquid diet
Medication (injection/water)
Put back onto isolated cull sow
DO NOT PUT BACK IN FARROWING SHED
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51
Q

Describe classic post-weaning E.coli scour

A 
5-8 days post-weaning 
Sudden onset
Watery diarrhoea
Some sudden deaths
Loss of condition
Dehydration
Mild pyrexia
Lower jejunum/ileum
Only diagnosable in lab (similar to salmonella)
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52
Q

Give some triggers for enteric diseases of the weaned pig

A 
Diet
Feeding changes
Chilling
Gorging
Draughts
Poor hygiene
Previous gut damage
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53
Q

How can you treat enteric diseases of the weaned pig?

A

Antibiotics eg neomycin
Injectable vs water medication
Organic acids

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54
Q

How do draughts lead to enteric disease in piglets?

A

Draughts -> chilling -> decreased gut motility -> bacterial proliferation

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55
Q

How can you prevent enteric disease in weaned piglets?

A 
Hygiene
Environmental control eg draught control
Zinc oxide via feed (heavy metals have anti-bacterial effects)
Organic acids
Metaphylactic/prophylactic antibiotics
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56
Q

Necrotic enteritis in weaners is mostly caused by which strain of salmonella?

A

S.typhimurium

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57
Q

Give some causes of CNS disease in post-weaners

A 
u7uiuMeningitis
Bowel oedema 
Water deprivation/salt poisoning
Middle ear disease
Toxicities
Notifiable/exotic diseases
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58
Q

Give some causes of meningitis in post-weaners

A

Strep suis most common (type 2)

Haemophilus parasuis

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59
Q

Give some clinical signs of meningitis

A 
Trembling 
Pyrexia
Collapse
Paddling convulsions
Tetanic spasms
Nystagmus
Sudden death
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60
Q

How do you diagnose meningitis?

A 
PM
Congestion of meninges
Touch smear-high WBC counts
Culture of meningeal swab/csf aspirate (would see excess fluid)
Serotyping of isolate
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61
Q

How do you treat meningitis?

A

Injectable antibiotics-beta lactams, florfenicol
NSAIDs
Fluids (can die from dehydration as don’t get up to drink)
Quiet
Warmth

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62
Q

Can you vaccinate against meningitis?

A

Yes:

  • Commercial (sow)
  • Autogenous (sow or piglet)
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63
Q

What causes ‘Glassers disease’?

A

Haemophilus parasuis

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64
Q

What causes bowel oedema/oedema disease?

A

E coli strains that produce shiga toxins

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65
Q

Describe the pathology of bowel oedema

A

Shiga toxins from E coli produce oedema to brain, omentum, gastric mucosa, peritoneum
2-4 weeks after weaning

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66
Q

Give the clinical signs of bowel oedema/oedema disease

A 
Puffy eyelids
Collapse
Sudden death
Paddling convulsions
Pyrexia
Subcutaneous oedema of skull
High pitched squeal (laryngeal oedema)
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67
Q

What would you find on a PM of a piglet with oedema disease/bowel oedema?

A

Subcutaneous oedema
Fluid deposits in abdomen
Abdominal oedema (greater omentum, spiral colon mesentery)
Brain oedema (minimal WBCs on touch smear)
Nasopharyngeal oedema

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68
Q

How can you treat and control bowel oedema/oedema disease?

A 
Individual antibiotic treatment often fails due to toxins
NSAIDs
Corticosteroids 
Water soluble metaphylaxis
Zinc oxide in feed 
In feed antibiotics
Feed restriction
Piglet vaccine (4-7 days old)
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69
Q

Give the clinical signs of water deprivation

A 
Most common in pigs 6-25 weeks old
Sudden onset nervous disease
No pyrexia
Manic behaviour around water points
Collapse, dog-sitting, opisthotonus, fall over backwards, convulsions
Rapid rehydration makes cases worse
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70
Q

How do you treat water deprivation?

A

Slow rehydration per rectum, intraperitoneal injection
Rapid rehydration causes osmotic flow of fluid to the brain -> swelling
Corticosteroids may help
iv drips in pet pigs

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71
Q

Give the clinical signs of middle ear disease in weaners

A

Head tilt

Head shaking

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72
Q

How do middle ear infections arise in weaners?

A

Routes of entry:
From external ear-usually associated with mange mites
From nasopharynx-via eustachian tube

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73
Q

How do you treat and control middle ear disease?

A 
Early and intensive
Prolonged systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics
Mange control
NSAIDs
Euthanasia
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74
Q

Which diseases make up porcine respiratory disease complex (weaner respiratory disease)?

A 
PRRS
Porcine circovirus 2
Swine influenza
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma hyopneumonia
Haemophilus parasuis
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75
Q

Give some clinical signs of weaner respiratory disease?

When do clinical signs start?

A 
Start at or soon after weaning
Coughing 
Pyrexia
Dyspnoea
Low appetite
Cyanosis
Loss of condition
Slowed growth
Death
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76
Q

What would you see on a PM of a piglet with weaner respiratory disease?

A 
Lung consolidation; dependent lungs, patchy
Pleurisy 
Pericarditis
Peritonitis
Polyserositis
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77
Q

What is the incubation period for swine influenza?

A

24 hours

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78
Q

Give the clinical signs of swine influenza

A 
Coughing ++++
Pyrexia
Depression
Inappetence
Low mortality
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79
Q

How can you treat swine influenza?

A

No specific treatment
Avoid antibiotics unless secondary infections are a real risk
Aspirin in water
Paracetamol in feed

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80
Q

Can you vaccinate against swine influenza?

A

Yes, sows only

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81
Q

What is the cause of atrophic rhinitis in piglets?

A

Pasteurella multocida type D toxin-producing strain

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82
Q

Give the clinical signs of progressive atrophic rhinitis in piglets

A 
Initial rhinitis
Sneezing
Nasal discharge
Epistaxis
Tear staining
Destruction of turbinates 
Snout distortion
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83
Q

Give the effects of progressive atrophic rhinitis

A

Reduces filter mechanism of nares -> more inhalation of pathogens and pollutants
Severe growth retardation
Uneconomic to maintain

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84
Q

What is PMWS?

A

Post-weaning multisystemic wasting disease

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85
Q

Give the clinical signs of PMWS (post-weaning multi-systemic wasting disease)

A 
Fading starting around 7 weeks of age
Rapid loss of condition
Generalised lymphadenopathy 
\+/- respiratory disease
\+/- enteric disease
Secondary disease
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86
Q

How is PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting disease) controlled?

A

Vaccination

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87
Q

What causes greasy pig disease?
Is it pruritic?
Is it fatal?

A

Staphylococcus hyicus (skin commensal)
No
Can be fatal

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88
Q

When does greasy pig disease typically occur?

A

Post-weaning

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89
Q

How do you treat greasy pig disease?

A

Individual antibiotic injections (3-5 days) (lincomycin, beta lactams, 3rd or 4th gen cephalosporins)
Fluid replacement
Wash in Savlon

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90
Q

How can you prevent greasy pig disease?

A

Reduce damage caused by fighting (eg teeth clipping)
Hygiene
Improve ventilation/reduce humidity
Autogenous vaccines

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91
Q

What causes sarcoptic mange?

A

Scabies

Most common skin parasite of pigs

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92
Q

Give the clinical sigs of sarcoptic mange

A 
Intense and persistent pruritus (scratching, head shaking)
Papular dermatitis 
Dermal crusting
Lameness
Lethargy 
Slowed growth
Ear crusting
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93
Q

When do signs of pityriasis rosea appear?

A

3-5 weeks of age

Spontaneously disappear at 12-14 weeks

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94
Q

Why should pet pig owners not keep pigs in close contact with sheep?

A

Ovine herpes virus 2 can be transmitted to pigs

Blind, aimless, ocular discharge, corneal clouding, mouth sores

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95
Q

What is the daily water intake of a pig?

A

100ml/kg/day

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96
Q

What is the normal rectal temp of a pig?

A

38.7-39.8

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97
Q

Where can you take blood from a pig?

A

Jugular vein
Ear vein?
Tail vein?

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98
Q

How much maintenance should a pet pig eat a day?

A

1% BW/day

smaller breeds up to 2%

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99
Q

Give some common consequences of obesity in pet pigs

A 
Joint problems
Overgrown feet
Dermatitis in fat folds
Secondary arthritis
Entropion
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100
Q

Give some causes of locomotor problems in pet pigs

A 
Overgrown feet
Joint problems (eg arthritis)
Erysipelas (joint and heart problems)
Streptococcal joint infections
Purulent joint abscess (arcanobacter)
Joint injuries (growth plate fractures, ruptured ligaments)
Bone problems (osteoporosis, vit D deficiency)
Hoof and foot cracks/ulcers/erosions (cracked hooves=biotin deficiency)
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101
Q

Pet pigs with cracked hooves may have a deficiency in what?

A

Biotin

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102
Q

How do you de-tusk pet boars?

A

Sedate
Noose behind tusks
Saw off with embryotomy wire
Remove all 4 tusks (won’t bleed)

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103
Q

Give some causes of skin problems in pet pigs

A 
Mange (sarcoptes scabei var suis)-ivermectins
Lice (haemoatopinus suis)-ivermectins
Insect bites (culicoides, mosquitoes)
Erysipelas-vaccinate twice yearly; penicillin
Ringworm (trichophyton verrucosum, M canis)
Greasy pig disease
Dermatitis in fat folds
Pressure sores
Sunburn
Photosensitisation 
Zinc deficiency
Vit B deficiency 
Flakey skin
Pityriasis rosea 
Age-related alopecia
Atopic and contact allergies
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104
Q

Give some respiratory problems that may be seen in pet pigs

A

Rare in pet pigs due to low stocking densities
Metastrongylus in over-used paddocks
Migrating ascarids in uncleaned straw/earth pens

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105
Q

How would you treat glassers, APP, streps and staphs?

A

Penicillin

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106
Q

What must you need to know before you castrate an adult pet pig?

A

Accurate weight

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107
Q

What is the only licensed sedative in pigs?

A 
Azaperone IM (IV causes excitement)
1-2mg/kg
Withdrawal=10 days 
No analgesic properties
Can combine with GA or LA
Can use with ketamine, +/- diazepam or ACP
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108
Q

Why should you take care when using pentobarbital in pigs?

A

Not licensed or sterile

Causes heart-block in pigs

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109
Q

When castrating an adult pig, where can you inject pentobarbital and why?

A

Intra-testicular for rapid recovery

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110
Q

When do the majority of piglet deaths occur?

A

During the first 72 hours of life

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111
Q

How do you castrate an adult pig?

A

Two incisions in scrotum
Pull testicle out and wind until artery snaps (doesn’t bleed)
(Can tie off but increases risk of infection)
No need to suture-heals well
Antibiotic cover
Analgesia-ketoprofen
Beware scrotal hernias. If present, give full GA

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112
Q

Give some geriatric problems of older pet pigs

A 
Tumours
Severe dental problems
Arthritis
Deformed feet ('flat footed')
Diabetes
Spontaneous fractures
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113
Q

How often should you worm a pet pig?

A

4 times a year

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114
Q

How often should you vaccinate pigs against clostridial disease?

A

Vaccinate sows twice yearly

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115
Q

What size needle should you use for IM injections?

A

1.5 inch (16g)
Small pigs maybe 18g
Piglets 21g

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116
Q

Give some analgesics you can use in pet pigs

A

Meloxicam (metacam)
Ketoprofen
Flunixin
Phenylbutazone

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117
Q

Where should you euthanise small pet pigs when using barbiturates?

A

Anterior vena cava via jugular furrow

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118
Q

Where should you euthanise bigger pet pigs when using barbiturates?

A

Abdomen (10cm paravertebral, cranial to umbilicus)

119
Q

Where should you aim when using a captive bolt gun for euthanasia?

A

Between the eyes, central, aim for back of throat

120
Q

Give some possible poisons of pet pigs

A 
Organophosphates
Antifreeze (ethylene glycol)
Phenols and cresols
Lead, other heavy metals
Warfarin
Phototoxins 
Salt
Gases (eg NH3)
Monensin (growth promoter)
121
Q

What is the difference between a notifiable and reportable disease?

A
  • Notifiable: must report SUSPISCION to APHA

- Reportable: must be reported once it’s been confirmed

122
Q

Give some consequences of notifiable disease suspiscion

A
  • Restrictions on movements from farm
  • Restrictions on deliveries to farm
  • Restrictions on you
  • Protection zones
  • Surveillance zones
  • Possibly export restrictions
  • Publicity
123
Q

What are the consequences of confirmed PED (porcine epidemic diarrhoea)?

A

No restrictions; don’t need to slaughter pigs (cf FMD)

124
Q

How are pig notifiable diseases classified?

A
  • Haemorrhagic diseases
  • Vesicular diseases
  • Others
125
Q

Name the haemorrhagic pig notifiable diseases

A
  • Classical Swine Fever

- African Swine Fever

126
Q

Name the vesicular pig notifiable diseases

A
  • FMD
  • SVD (swine vesicular disease)
  • Vesicular Stomatitis
  • Vesicular Exanthema
  • Seneca Valley A Virus
127
Q

Name the other pig notifiable diseases

A
  • Brucella suis
  • Anthrax
  • Treschen Disease
  • PED High Path
  • Aujeszky’s Disease
128
Q

What causes foot and mouth disease?

A

A Picorna virus

129
Q

How many serotypes of foot and mouth disease are there?

A

7

130
Q

Which kinds of animals does foot and mouth disease affect?

A
  • Cloven-hoofed animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs)

- Various wildlife species (eg buffalo)

131
Q

Which factors make FMD highly contagious?

A
  • Rapid replication and short intubation
  • Massive virus release
  • High susceptibility of hosts
  • Several routes of transmission
132
Q

What is the incubation period of FMD?

A

2-14 days, depends on:

  • The dose of virus to which the animal has been exposed
  • The strain of the virus
  • Route of infection
133
Q

How is FMD spread?

A
  • Virus is present in the fluid inside blisters, saliva, urine, dung, milk and exhaled air, and later in blood
  • Infection occurs through direct or indirect contact (fomites, feed, aerosols, AI)
134
Q

How long can humans harbour FMD virus for?

A

24-48 hrs, in their resp tract

135
Q

Give the clinical signs of FMD

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Sudden lameness
  • Vesicle formation mainly on the feet (coronary bands), snout or tongue
  • Inappetence
  • Abortion/sudden death in piglets
136
Q

What causes swine vesicular disease?

A

An enterovirus

137
Q

What causes vesicular exanthema?

A

A calicivirus

138
Q

What causes vesicular stomatitis?

A

A rhabdovirus

139
Q

What causes African Swine Fever?

A

An Asfarviridae virus (double-stranded DNA virus)

140
Q

How is African Swine Fever spread?

A
  • Indirect transmission: feed, fomites, Ornithodoros ticks (soft ticks)
  • Direct transmission
141
Q

What is the incubation period of African Swine Fever?

A

3-19 days

142
Q

What are the 3 categories of African Swine Fever infection?

A
  • Per-acute
  • Acute
  • Sub-acute/chronic
143
Q

Give the clinical signs of per-acute acute African Swine Fever

A

Sudden death with few signs

144
Q

Give the clinical signs of acute African Swine Fever

A
  • Death within a few days (can have 100% mortality)
  • Pyrexia (>41oC)
  • Anorexia, apathy, incoordination
  • Vomiting and diarrhoea (may be bloody)
  • Resp signs, conjunctivitis
  • Cyanosis of extremities
  • Abortion
145
Q

Give the clinical signs of sub-acute/chronic African Swine Fever

A
  • Weight loss
  • Reduced growth
  • Lameness
  • Resp signs
  • Abortion
146
Q

What causes Classical Swine Fever?

A

A pestivirus

147
Q

How does transmission of Classical Swine Fever occur?

A
  • Oral/oronasal route
  • Mucous membranes
  • Skin abrasions
  • Aerosols
  • Fomites
  • Carrier animals
148
Q

What is the incubation period of Classical Swine Fever?

A

2-15 days (but can be up to 4 weeks in the field)

149
Q

Give the clinical signs of highly virulent strains of Classical Swine Fever

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Weakness
  • Anorexia
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Constipation -> watery diarrhoea
  • Vomiting
  • Unsteady gait
  • Skin haemorrhages/cyanotic discolouration
  • Severe leucopenia
  • Death within 1-3 weeks
150
Q

Give some differential diagnoses for runting of pigs

A
  • PMWS (porcine multi-systemic wasting syndrome)
  • Campyloberteriosis
  • Swine dysentry
151
Q

Give some differential diagnoses for abortion in pigs

A
  • Parvovirus
  • PRRS
  • Aujeszky’s disease
152
Q

Give some differential diagnoses for septicaemia in pigs

A
  • Salmonellosis
  • Erysipelas
  • Pasteurellosis
  • Haemophilus
153
Q

What is Teschen Disease?

What are the clinical signs?

A
  • Notifiable disease
  • Enterovirus causing polioencephalomyelitis
  • Clinical signs: high fever, incoordination, tremors, inappetence, convusions, death
154
Q

What is Aujeszky’s disease?

A
  • Notifiable
  • Herpes virus
  • Also known as Pseudorabies/Mad Itch
  • Now eradicated from most of NW Europe
155
Q

What are the clinical signs of Aujeszky’s disease in different ages of pigs?

A
  • Adults: abortion storms, mummification, mild pyrexia, anorexia, vomiting
  • Piglets from 3 days up to weaning: V and D -> nervous signs with pyrexia (dog-sitting, incoordination, muscle tremor, opisthotonus, convulsions)
  • Weaners and growers: pyrexia, incoordination -> dog-sitting, convulsions, death. Pneumonia
156
Q

How are pigs infected with Brucella suis?

A

(Notifiable)

-Oral or venereal infection

157
Q

Give the clinical signs of Brucells suis

A
  • Abortion, SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility)
  • Vulval discharge
  • Orchitis
  • Polyarthritis and osteomyelitis
158
Q

What are the symptoms of Seneca Valley A virus?

A

(Notifiable)

  • Same as FMD
  • Can cause fevers, acute lameness, reduced feed intake for older pigs and breeding herd
159
Q

What does POM-V stand for?

A

Prescription-only medicine- veterinarian

160
Q

What does POM-VPS stand for?

A

Prescription-only medicine- veterinarian, pharmacist, suitably qualified person

161
Q

What does NFA-VPS stand for?

A

Non-food animal- veterinarian, pharmacist, suitably qualified person

162
Q

What does AVM-GSL stand for?

A

Authorised veterinary medicine-general sales list

163
Q

Which vaccines are available for breeding pigs?

A
  • PRRS
  • Porcine parvovirus
  • Erysipelas
  • PCV2
  • Leptospirosa
  • Clostridium novyi
  • M. hyopneumoniae
164
Q

Which vaccines are available to protect growing pigs directly?

A
  • M. hyopneumoniae
  • PCV2
  • PRRS
  • Actino pleuropneumoniae
  • E.coli
  • Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers)
  • Lawsonia intracellularis
  • Erysipelas
165
Q

Which vaccines are available to protect growing pigs via colostrum ie by vaccinating the dam?

A
  • E.coli
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Erysipelas
  • Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers)
  • Progressive atrophic rhinitis
166
Q

Compare live vs attenuated vaccines

A

Live:

  • Stronger immunity
  • Single dose
  • More rapid onset
  • But risk of reversion to virulence

Attenuated:

  • Slower to effect
  • Often double dosing
  • Poorer reaction
  • But safer and cheaper
167
Q

Where is the best place to inject a pig when aiming behind the ear?

A
  • Most muscular part
  • Avoid going too high in sows -> fat layer
  • Too low behind ears -> salivary glands
168
Q

When should you vaccinate a sow against Parvovirus?

A

2 weeks before service

169
Q

What should you vaccinate a gilt against post-service/pre-farrowing?

A
  • E.coli
  • Erysipelas booster
  • Clostridium perfringens (with E.coli)
  • PAR (progressive atrophic rhinitis)
170
Q

What should you vaccinate a sow with at each parity?

A
  • E.coli
  • Parvovirus
  • Erysipelas
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • PRRS
  • Strep suis
  • Haemophilus parasuis
171
Q

What should you vaccinate a sow with before service?

A
  • Erysipelas
  • Parvovirus
  • PRRS
  • Lepto
  • PCV2 booster
172
Q

Which vaccinations would you give to a growing pig?

A
  • Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (from 3 days)
  • PCV2
  • E.coli (4 days old)
  • PRRS (from 3 weeks old)
  • Lawsonia (from 3 weeks old)
  • Glassers (Haemophilus parasuis, 2 doses from 5 weeks old)
  • Actino pleuropneumoniae (2 doses from 6 weeks old)
173
Q

What is an autogenous vaccine?

A
  • Made from culture of microorganisms from an individual, then used to immunize that same individual against further spread and progression
  • Must be inactivated
174
Q

When are autogenous vaccines used?

A
  • When no commerical vaccine is available

- When commerical vaccine fails

175
Q

What are the Group 1 antibiotics?

A

First choice for use

  • Tetracyclines
  • Penicillins
  • Fenicols
  • Pleuromutilins
  • Aminocyclitol
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Suplhonamides
176
Q

What are the Group 2 antibiotics?

A

Second choice for use

  • Betalactams (including 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins)
  • Macrolides
177
Q

What are the Group 3 antibiotics?

A

Last resort, use when nothing else works

  • Fluororquinalones
  • 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins
  • Colistin
  • Amoxycilin/Clavulanic acid
178
Q

How much water does a pig drink?

A

10ml/kg/day

179
Q

How much food should a piglet eat post-weaning (2 weeks)?

A

2.5% BW/day

180
Q

How much food should a piglet eat when it is 6-20 weeks old?

A

4% BW/day

181
Q

How much food should a sow eat in lactation?

A

0.5-5% BW/day

182
Q

How much food should a dry sow eat?

A

1.25% BW/day

183
Q

What is toltrazuril?

A

Anti-coccidial

184
Q

Why might we give hormones to pigs?

A
  • Stimulate oestrus (eg PMSG + hCG)
  • Synchronise oestrus (eg Regumate)
  • Induce farrowing (PGF2a)
  • Stimulate uterine contractions (eg oxytocin)
185
Q

When does oestrus occcur after giving Regumate?

A

5 days after last dose

186
Q

How long must you give Regumate for before sows come into oestrus?

A

18 days, oestrus occurs 5 days after last dose

Squirt into mouth

187
Q

How long must records be kept for regarding medicine use in food-producing animals?

A

5 years

188
Q

Give a problem with in-feed medication

A

-Can’t guarantee all pigs are getting correct dose (eg reduced appetite -> won’t have full dose)

189
Q

What must you include when recording medicine use?

A
  • Product used (bottle no if relevant)
  • Date treatment started
  • Identification/location of animal
  • Reason for treatment
  • Duration and dose of treatment
  • Withdrawal period
  • Earliest date for slaughter for human consumption
  • Administrator’s signature/initials
190
Q

Which licensed GA are available in pigs?

A

None

191
Q

What is the only licensed sedative in pigs?

A

Azaperone

192
Q

Which drug would you use for an epidural in pigs?

A

Lidocaine

193
Q

What would you use for anaesthetising pigs?

A

Rompun (xylazine) and ketamine

194
Q

How old is a ‘grower pig’?

A

12-25 weeks (30-100+kg)

195
Q

Give the major disease syndromes of growing pigs

A
  • Porcine respiratory disease complex
  • Enteric diseases (infectious and physical)
  • Vice
  • Erysipelas
  • Lameness
196
Q

When does porcine respiratory disease complex occur?

A
  • At or soon after weaning and continues into growing stages

- Or starts at finishing stages (after 12 weeks old)

197
Q

Give the clinical signs of porcine respiratory disease complex

A
  • Coughing
  • Pyrexia
  • Dyspnoea
  • Cyanosis
  • Low appetite
  • Loss of condition
  • Slowed growth
  • Mortality
198
Q

Give some diseases that contribute to porcine respiratory disease complex

A
  • PRRS
  • Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
  • Swine infuenza
  • Damage done by earlier challenges
199
Q

What is the incubation period for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?

A

6-8 weeks

200
Q

How does Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae affect the lungs?

A
  • Damages bronchial cilia -> secondary bacterial challenge -> pleurisy
  • Interstitial pneumonia
201
Q

Cranial lung lesions implies which kind of pneumonia?

A

Inhalation pneumonia

202
Q

What causes swine enzootic pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

203
Q

How do you diagnose swine enzootic pneumonia?

A
  • Gross pathology -> lung lesions
  • Histopathology
  • PCR
  • Combination
204
Q

How do you treat swine enzootic pneumonia?

A
  • Individuals: TMZ, LA macrolides

- Group: via water: TMZ, florphenicol, tylosin, lincomycin

205
Q

How can you prevent swine enzootic pneumonia?

A
  • In-feed medication: prophylactic eg CTC, tilmicosin

- Vaccinate from 3 days old

206
Q

What are the 3 possible presentations of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae?

A
  • Part of porcine respiratory disease complex
  • Acute/per-acute outbreaks
  • Chronic grumbling disease
207
Q

Give the clinical signs of acute Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A
  • Sudden death
  • Mass lethargy and inappetence
  • Coughing variable
  • Extreme pyrexia
  • Bloody discharge from nares
  • Can see remarkable recovery with Ceftiofur injection
208
Q

Give some infectious and physical GI conditions of growers/finishers

A

Infectious:

  • Swine dysentry
  • Spirochaecal colitis
  • Lawsonia (ileitis)
  • Grower scours
  • Parasitism

Physical:

  • Gastric ulceration
  • Volvulus
  • Prolapse
  • Rectal stricture
209
Q

What causes swine dysentry?

A
  • Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

- Causes ulcerative colitis/typhlytis

210
Q

Why is swine dysentry a costly disease?

A
  • Death
  • Slow growth
  • Poor feed conversion efficiency
  • Stunting
211
Q

What are the clinical signs of swine dysentry?

A
  • Muco-haemorrhagic scour
  • Foul smell
  • Pyrexia
  • Depression
  • Inappetence
  • Rapid loss of condition
  • Slab-sided pigs
  • Death after a few days
212
Q

How do you treat swine dysentry?

A
  • Pleuromutilins-tiamulin/valnemulin
  • Lincomycin
  • Tylvalosin
213
Q

How do you control swine dysentry?

A
  • No vaccine

- Nutritional management

214
Q

What causes Spirochaetal colitis?

A
  • Brachyspira pilosicoli (common commensal)

- Often mixed infection with Lawsonia/Salmonella/Yersinia enterocolitica

215
Q

Give the clinical signs of Spirochaetal colitis

A
  • Cow pat dung -> frank scour

- Occasionally blood flecking, rarely mucous

216
Q

What are ‘grower scours’?

A
  • Nutritionally-induced low grade hind gut enteritis, often complicated with Brachyspira pilosicoli/Lawsonia
  • Caused by over-eating (esp pelleted feed)
217
Q

How do you control grower scours?

A
  • Nutritional management
  • Restricted feeding
  • Hygiene
  • Reduced cereal inclusion
218
Q

How do you treat grower scours?

A

-Same for swine dysentry: -Pleuromutilins-tiamulin/valnemulin, Lincomycin, Tylvalosin

219
Q

What is PIA?

A

Porcine intestinal adenopathy (ileitis)

220
Q

What is PHE?

A

Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (ileitis)

221
Q

What causes PIA and PHE?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

222
Q

Give the clinical signs of porcine intestinal adenopathy (PIA)

A
  • Thickening of terminal SI and proximal colon
  • Mal-digestion
  • Low grade scour
  • Loss of condition
  • Slow/uneven growth
223
Q

Give the clinical signs of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE)

A
  • Acute haemorrhagic ileitis/colitis
  • Sudden death
  • Foul smell
  • Usually older animals
  • Blood ‘rope’ (of clotted blood)
224
Q

How do you treat PIA and PHE (porcine intestinal adenopathy and proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy)?

A
  • Causative agent (Lawsonia) is intracellular so need an antibiotic that penetrates cell walls -> macrolides
  • Tylosin
  • Vaccine (live oral vaccine)
225
Q

Give the clinical signs of Ascaris suum infection

A
  • Rarely causes gut disturbance
  • Occasional gut blockage
  • ‘Milk spot liver’ (migration)
  • Jaundice
  • Growth inhibition
226
Q

When is Ascaris suum usually detected?

A

Slaughter

227
Q

How can you prevent Ascaris suum?

A
  • Worming: avermectins/benzimidazoles

- Hygiene: lime washings, eggs are almost indestructible

228
Q

Where does Trichuris suis reside?

A

Colon -> irritation

229
Q

How do you control Trichuris suis?

A
  • Hygiene (lime washing)

- Multiple high dose worming

230
Q

What is volvulus?

A

Rotation of GI tract on base of mesentery

231
Q

Give some clinical signs of volvulus

A
  • Very rapid death or short period of intense pain
  • Swollen abdomen
  • Pale carcass
  • Protrusion of anus
  • Caecal positioning is diagnostic (twisted 360 degrees)
232
Q

Give the clinical signs 0f a haemorrhagic gastric ulcer

A
  • Malena -smell (digested blood)
  • Sudden death
  • Pale carcass
  • Clotted blood in stomach +/- intestine
  • Obvious ulcer
233
Q

Give some causes of gastric ulcers

A
  • Stress
  • High wheat diets
  • High protein diets
  • Vitamin deficiencies
234
Q

Give some causes of rectal prolapse

A
  • Excess abdominal pressure (coughing, huddling, over-stocking)
  • Straining (diarrhoea)
235
Q

How do you replace a rectal prolapse?

A
  • Sugar
  • Rubber gloves
  • Gentle pressure +/- purse string suture
  • Or could amputate
236
Q

Give a possible consequence of a rectal prolapse

A

Stricture

237
Q

Give some consequences of a rectal stricture

A
  • Gut blockage, can’t defecate, abdominal distension, lost condition, jaundice
  • If blood supply is interrupted -> bacterial infection eg salmonella, strep suis, haemophilus parasuis
238
Q

How do you treat a rectal prolapse?

A
  • If found early -> gently ease open with fingers

- Otherwise -> euthanase

239
Q

How shoud you respond to umbiical hernias?

A
  • If small, leave alone

- If large/damaged -> euthanase

240
Q

What is the most common bacteriaemic/septicaemic condition of pigs?

A

Erysipelas (diamond skin disease)

241
Q

What are the clilnical signs of erysipelas?

A
  • Peracute: found dead, septicaemia
  • Acute: diamond skin lesions, severe pyrexia, depression, anorexia
  • Chronic sequelae: crippling lameness, endocarditis, skin sloughing
  • Sows: abortion
242
Q

What is the cause of erysipelas?

A
  • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae- many strains
  • Organism is carried asymptomatically bymost wild birds and rodents
  • Common in outdoor systems
  • Breeding systems usually vaccinated but not growers
243
Q

How do you treat erysipelas?

A
  • Penicillin
  • Amoxycillin can be used in water metaphylactically
  • Vaccination
  • Romove source (bird contamination of feed, rodent control)
244
Q

Give some vices of growers/finishers

A

Biting of tails, ears, flanks, legs, anus, vulva

245
Q

What causes vices?

A
  • Discontentment (not boredom)
  • Frustration
  • Insifficient food/water access
  • Draughts
  • Over-/under-stocking
  • Nutritional defects
  • Concurrent disease
  • Teething?
246
Q

Give some consequences of vices

A
  • Death
  • Local abscessation
  • Spinal abscessation
  • Unmarketability
  • Euthanasia
247
Q

Will a pig be accepted for consumption if it has a swollen joint?

A

No

248
Q

Give some clinical signs of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae

A
  • Acute synovitis
  • Often no visible swelling
  • Acute polyarthritis -> lameness, stiff legs, collapse under weight
249
Q

How is Mycoplasma hyosynoviae spread?

A

In faeces

250
Q

How do you treat Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infection?

A

Tiamulin/lincomycin

251
Q

What is the Farrowing Index?

What is the target value?

A
  • Number of litters per sow per year

- Target=2.4

252
Q

What is the target number of pigs born alive per sow per year?

A

> 27

253
Q

What is the target number of pigs born alive per sow per litter?

A

11.5

254
Q

Which factors affect the number of pigs born alive per litter?

A
  • Ovulation rate
  • Fertilisation rate
  • Implantation rate
  • Embryonic survival rate
  • Foetal survival rate
  • Parturition survival rate
255
Q

What is meant by an ‘empty day’?

A

Days that the uterus is empty

256
Q

What is meant by farrowing rate?

What is the target %?

A

The proportion of females served that farrow

85%

257
Q

What is meant by conception rate?

What is the target %?

A

Number of services required to establish a viable pregnancy
(3 week non-return rate)
90%

258
Q

What is meant by litter scatter?

A

Over 15% of litters having 8 piglets or less

259
Q

What is the target value for piglets born dead per litter?

A

0.7

260
Q

Give some causes of sow post-weaning anoestrus

A
  • Body condition (very fat or very thin)
  • Starvation
  • Boar contact
  • Stress
  • Pre-weaning ‘silent heat’
  • Season (of year)
  • Mycotoxicosis (in feed or bedding)
  • Poor observation, short visible oestrus
  • Endometritis
261
Q

Give some causes of failure of fertilisation

A
  • Timing and quality of service
  • Quality of service
  • Boar contact for AI
  • Fertility of semen (eg contaminated)
262
Q

Give some causes of early embryonic loss

A
  • Pre-implantation stress
  • Nutrition
  • Endometritis
263
Q

Give some causes of vaginal discharge in sows after service

A
  • Service hygiene (carrier boars- Actinobaculum suis)
  • Service- house hygiene
  • Carry over from farrowing (debris, damage, infection)
  • Chronic cystitis
264
Q

How could you improve conception and fertilisation rates?

A
  • Injectable GnRH analogues eg Buserelin, Perforelin

- Give after weaning to increase FSH/LH

265
Q

When should you give Beserelin (GnRH analogue)?

A
  • Sows: 83-89hrs after weaning, then AI 30-33hrs later

- Gilts: 115-120hrs after synchronisation, then AI 30-33hrs later

266
Q

When should you give Perforelin (GnRH analogue)?

A
  • Sows: 24hrs after weaning

- Gilts: 48hrs after synchronisation

267
Q

How do you use Regumate?

What is the active ingredient?

A
  • Give orally for 18 days, oestrus occurs 5-7 days later

- Altrenogest

268
Q

What is the most important time during pregnancy to avoid stress?

A

Attachment of conceptus

269
Q

Which virus can cause mummified piglets?

A

Parvovirus

270
Q

Give some non-infectious conditions that can cause abortion

A
  • Sunburn
  • Heat stress
  • Photosensitisation
  • Toxaemia-poisons, physiological
  • Sudden reduction in food intake
271
Q

Which condition can cause sows to have blue ears?

A

PRRS

272
Q

At what age are gilts first served?

A

220-230 days old (130-140kg)

273
Q

What condition score should a gilt be when she is first served?

A

3 out of 5

274
Q

Why is pig semen always used fresh?

A

Can’t be successfully frozen and defrosted

275
Q

Give some causes of primary uterine inertia

A
  • Over-distension of uterus (overfull/hydrops foetalis-abnormal accumulation of fluid in 2 or more foetal compartments)
  • Lack of exercise
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Other illnesses eg flu, PRRS
  • Endocrine malfunction (lack of luteolysis)
276
Q

Give some causes of secondary uterine inertia

A
  • More common
  • Heat
  • Exhaustion
  • Dehydration
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Intercurrent disease
  • Prolonged foetal dystocia
  • Often leads to RFM -> failure to involute -> metritis
  • Dead putrefying foetuses
277
Q

How do you treat uterine inertia?

A
  • Oxytocin (0.2-0.4ml during farrowing, 0.6-1ml after farrowing and next day)
  • Antibiotics (LA penicillin)
  • Anti-inflammatories, esp if bruising/swelling/damage eg corticosteroids
  • Analgesia (NSAIDs)
  • Prostaglandins to induce labour/expel uterus 24-48 hrs post farrowing
278
Q

When would you perform a C-sectionon a sow?

A
  • Pelvic blockage

- Unresponsive inertia

279
Q

Which anaesthesia should you use when doing a C-section?

A
  • Ketamine (0.15-0.2ml/kg)

- Sedate with Azaperone

280
Q

Where should you incise when doing a C-section?

A

10cm above and parallel to udder, approx 20cm long

281
Q

When does vaginal prolapse tend to occur in relation to farrowing?

A

Pre-farrowing

282
Q

What is MMA complex?

A

Constipation=underlying case?

  • Mastitis
  • Metritis
  • Agalactia (no milk)
283
Q

Give some factors that affect MMA

A
  • Farrowing house temperatures
  • Pre-farrowing feeding (excess/type)
  • Water availability
  • Constipation
  • Sow condition
  • Duration of farrowing
  • Floor quality
  • Pathogens eg Klebsiella, Coliforms
284
Q

How do you treat MMA?

A
  • Corticosteroids (dexamethasone)
  • Oxytocin
  • Antibiotics (borad spectrum eg Pen/Strep)
  • Analgesia
  • Sow comfort
  • Supplement piglets
285
Q

What is the most common skin parasite of pigs?

How do you treat it?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei var suis

Tx: ivermectin

286
Q

How do you differentiate false ringworm from true ringworm?

What is false ringworm actually called?

A

False ringworm= Pityriasis rosea

False ringworm is non pruritic, true ringworm is

287
Q

What should you use if doing an epidural on a pig?

A

2% Lidocaine

288
Q

Where is preferable for giving IM injections?

A

Neck

289
Q

What is the legal minimum weaning age for piglets?

How much should they weigh?

A

28 days (7-8kg)

290
Q

What is the target weight for piglets aged 10-12 weeks old?

A

30kg

291
Q

What is the target weight for piglets aged 22-24 weeks old?

A

100kg

292
Q

Which antibody is most prominent in pig colostrum?

A

IgG

293
Q

What can you use to induce labour?

A

Prostaglandins (must know due date)

294
Q

Which parasite causes ‘milk spot liver’?

A

Ascaris suum

Year 4 (51 decks)

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