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Year 4 > Bovine Orthopoedics and sudden death > Flashcards

Bovine Orthopoedics and sudden death Flashcards

1
Q

Where is digital dermatitis usually seen?

A

Just above interdigital cleft, between heel bulbs

Often erected hair around lesion

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2
Q

How is digital dermatitis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs only, no diagnostic tests

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3
Q

What are the stages of digital dermatitis?

A

M0- normal
M1- early lesions, <2cm, ulcerative
M2- classical ulcer >2cm, painful
M3- scab formation after topical treatment
M4- chronic lesion, dyskeratosis, proliferation
M4.1- same as M4 but also has an ulcerative area

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4
Q

What does ‘acute’ digital dermatitis mean?

A

There is an ulcerative lesion

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5
Q

How do you treat digital dermatitis?

A 
Put cow in crush
Clean and dry the lesion
Topical antibiotics (oxytetracycline)
Trim foot while waiting to dry, look for other lesions
Repeat daily for at least 3 days
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6
Q

What causes interdigital necrobacillosis (foul in the foot/foot rot)?

A 
Fusobacterium necrophorum (biotypes A and AB)
Enters through an interdigital lesion
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7
Q

How is interdigital necrobacillosis diagnosed?

A

Clinical exam
Typically only one foot affected, can be swollen
Swelling above the claws/characteristic odour
Lesions between the 2 claws

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8
Q

How do you treat interdigital necrobacillosis?

A 
Cow in crush 
Check for foreign body 
Clean lesion
Remove necrotic tissue
Systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics for 3 days
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9
Q

What causes interdigital dermatitis?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus

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10
Q

Where is interdigital dermatitis seen?

A

Milder infection of interdigital skin, can spread across heels (heel horn erosion)

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11
Q

Give some controls for digital dermatitis

A

Footbaths

Good hygiene measures

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12
Q

How do you treat heel horn erosions?

A

Foot trimming, topical antibiotics

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13
Q

Give 3 non-infectious foot lesions

A

Sole haemorrhages/bruising
Sole ulcers
White line lesions
All associated with subclinical laminitis/ SARA (weakening of suspensory apparatus)

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14
Q

Describe sole haemorrhage/bruising

A

Contusion of the corium
Pressure from pedal bone (abnormal decent/movement)
External pressure (eg from stones), esp if soles are thin

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15
Q

Describe sole ulcers

A

Exposure of the corium
Disrupted sole horn production
Mainly caused by trauma/contusions of the corium from the pedal bone

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16
Q

How do you treat sole haemorrhages/ulcers?

A

Put cow in crush
Functional trimming (Dutch method)
Block unaffected claw
NSAIDs

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17
Q

Describe white line disease/abscess

A

Caused by stones/separation/manure
Associated with shearing/sideways forces on the feet
Can have abscess formation

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18
Q

How do you treat white line lesions?

A 
Put cow in crush
Functional trimming (Dutch method)
Explore impacted white line, drain abscess, remove detached horn/under run sole
Block unaffected claw
NSAIDs
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19
Q

Give some possible causes of interdigital hyperplasia

A

Chronic skin irritation (eg digital dermatitis)

Hereditary?

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20
Q

What causes digital dermatitis?

A

Treponema spp, various strains

Identified in hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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21
Q

How do you treat interdigital hyperplasia?

A

Surgical removal under regional anaesthesia if causing lameness

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22
Q

Toe ulcers/necrosis are associated with what?

A

Overwear or over-trimming of the toe sole

Can get infected

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23
Q

How do you treat toe ulcers/necrosis?

A

Trim/block unaffected claw

Partial or full digital amputation

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24
Q

How do you treat a vertical wall crack?

A

Trim
Can block unaffected claw
Can stabilise hoof wall

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25
Q

How does deep digital sepsis occur?

A

Untreated foul in the foot, complicated sole ulcers, untreated white line abscesses, puncture wounds

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26
Q

How do you treat deep digital sepsis?

A

Amputation?
Arthrodesis?
Euthanasia?

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27
Q

Where do retroarticular abscesses form? What do they look like?

A

Above heel bulb

One claw, extensive painful swelling of the heel on a single digit

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28
Q

How do you treat retroarticular abscesses?

A

Surgery

Digital amputation

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29
Q

What is a corkscrew claw?

A

Dorsal edge of claw wall deviates from a straight line

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30
Q

Laminitis is associated with what?

A 
Grain overload
SARA
Weakening of suspensory apparatus/ poor horn quality
Endotoxins 
Increased activity of MMPs
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31
Q

How long do cows lie down for in a day?

A

12-14 hours

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32
Q

If a cow is sitting ‘half in half out’ of a cubicle, what does this mean?

A

Cubicle is too short -> more pressure on back legs -> risk factor for lameness

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33
Q

What is the best bedding choice for cow cubicles and why?

A

Sand:

Inert (lack of bacterial growth), cushioning, comfortable

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34
Q

What features must a cubicle have?

A

Needs a metre of forward lunge space to be able to stand up
Good to not be against a wall
Want defecation to be done outside cubicle (ie cubicle not too long)

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35
Q

Why does cubicle bedding need to be dry?

A

Once wet, increased bacterial load -> increased risk of mastitis

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36
Q

What is ‘green bedding’ for cubicles?

A

Dried faecal matter

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37
Q

Give some negative factors of using green bedding in cubicles

A

Potential for disease spread as increased bacterial load
Potential risk of antibiotic resistance
Kit is expensive to buy
Potential public health risk -> bugs on bed could end up in milk
Not to be used for cows <12 months old

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38
Q

Give some negative effects of using sand as bedding in cubicles

A

Needs topping up as cows dig it out
Clogs up drainage systems
Increases wear on machinery

39
Q

Why is over-crowding a problem in housed areas?

A

Increased standing times -> increased risk of white line disease
More aggressive interactions between cows

40
Q

How many cubicles should a farmer provide?

A

One per cow = bare minimum
5% extra (DEFRA)
20% spare for freshly calved cows

41
Q

How much feed barrier space should a cow have?

A

76cm yokes, one per cow
At least 70cm per cow (if not using yokes)
Up to 1m for transition cows

42
Q

A BCS less than what increases the risk of lameness?

A

< 2.5

43
Q

What are the 4 mobility scores?

A 
0 = sound
1 = abnormal gait but not identifiably lame
2 = slightly lame
3 = severely lame
44
Q

When should we foot trim?

A

At drying off (60 days before calving)

60-100 days in milk

45
Q

How big of a lying area should transition cows have?

What about feed space?

A

10-15 square metres per cow lying area

75-100cm per cow feed space

46
Q

What BCS should a cow be at calving?

A

3

47
Q

Which part of the pain pathway do NSAIDs affect?

A

Level of inflammatory mediators, possibly some central action aswell

48
Q

Which part of the pain pathway do local anaesthetics affect?

A

Nociceptor stimulation

49
Q

Give some clinical responses to pain

A 
Impaired rumen function
Activities aimed at minimising pain eg lying down
Increased HR, RR, temp
Dull, depressed
Vocalisation 
Facial expression
Decreased food intake and bodyweight
50
Q

Give some clinical signs of lameness

A 
Arched spine
Hanging/nodding head as they walk
Shortened stride length
Adducting/abducting HLs
Paddling/shuffling of feet
Unwilling to walk
Reduced weightt-bearing of affected limbs
Decreased milk yield
51
Q

How are hock lesions caused?

A

Excess pressure on joints

Inadequate bedding, poor cubicle design

52
Q

Give some effects of lameness on fertility

A

Delayed cyclicity and oestrus behaviour
Increased calving to 1st service
Increased calving to conception
Increased number of serves per conception

53
Q

How can you manage pain in lame cows without drugs?

A

Reduce standing times at milking
Reduce walking times
Increase comfort in cubicles/yards eg straw yards
Increase foot hygiene

54
Q

How do you calculate cow comfort quotient?

A

No of cows using cubicles correctly
divided by
No of cows interacting with cubicles

55
Q

Give a problem with using deep straw bedding in cubicles

A

Increased risk of bacterial growth eg Streptococcus uberis (mastitis risk)

56
Q

How big should a passageway be?

A

3-4.5m

57
Q

Give some factors which contribute to hygiene of cubicles

A 
Cubicle length (not too long -> faeces in cubicles)
Frequency of scraping out 
Passageway width (3-4.5m)
Bedding plus lime 
Ventilation and drainage 
Frequent disinfection 
Foot bathing
58
Q

What are the 3 scores for cow cleanliness?

A 
0= no dirt/ minor fresh dirt/ dried splashing 
1= an area of dirtiness at least palm size 
2= am area of dirtiness at least forearm length
59
Q

What size should floor slat widths be?

A

140-160mm for mature dairy cows
Spacing of 35-40mm
Reduce the spacing for smaller breeds/heifers

60
Q

Give some indications for doing a digital amputation/arthrodesis surgery

A

Deep digital sepsis/septic arthritis of DIP joint
Complications associated with sole ulcers, white line abscesses, foul in the foot, penetrating injuries
Retroarticular abscess
Non-healing wall lesions
Toe necrosis (amputation)

61
Q

What is the method of choise for digit amputation?

A

Disarticulation at proximal interphalangeal joint (method 1)

62
Q

What nerve block should be used when doing digit amputation/arthrodesis?

A

Intravenous regional block
20-30ml LA (eg lignocaine, procaine)
19-21G butterfly catheter

63
Q

Why is method 2 of digital amputation not recommended?

A

Involves cutting through 2nd phalanx

Disruption of blood supply to part of 2nd phalanx that is left/prolonged recovery

64
Q

When bandaging a foot after digital amputation, why are the 2 accessory digits left out of the 1st softban layer?

A

So that when the next bandage layer is applied, they are being pressed against a soft bandage rather than skin (which could cause necrosis)

65
Q

How should the foot be treated before doing an arthrodesis/digital amputation?

A

Washed and disinfected

66
Q

What post-op care should be carried out after an arthrodesis/digital amputation?

A

Dressing changes
Antibiotics
Analgesia

67
Q

What can go wrong after a digital amputation/arthrodesis?

A

Poor post-operative care
Problems with remaining claw (after amputation)
Ascending infections
Chroninc pain
Failure to achieve ankylosis of the joint (after arthrodesis)

68
Q

What does it mean when cows ‘dog-sit’ in cubicles?

A

Poor cubicle comfort

69
Q

How much space should cows have in a straw yard?

A

At least 10 square metres of resting area per cow

70
Q

How would you identify a weight-bearing lameness?

A

Shortened stride of the sound leg

Head position at point of weightbearing: head up if front leg affected, head down if back leg affected

71
Q

How do you treat contracted tendons in calves?

A

If you can manually extend feet so calf can stand plantigrade, splinting should be sufficient
If not: tendonectomy

72
Q

How do you treat upward patellar fixation?

A

Cut the medial patellar ligament on both legs

73
Q

Give some clinical signs of osteodystrophies

A

Stiffness/recumbency
Bone distortion
Long bone fractures
Swelling joints

74
Q

How do you diagnose osteodystrophies

A

Joint fluid analysis
Bloods: increased AlkPhos, decreased calcium
PM, histopath

75
Q

What causes white muscle disease?

A

Vit E and selenium deficiency

76
Q

How would you identify white muscle disease in a cow?

A

‘Flying scapula’ (scapula appears to be raised above the body)

77
Q

What would you see in the serum of the blood of a cow with white muscle disease?

A

Decreased vit E and selenium

Increased AST and CK (muscle enzymes)

78
Q

How would you recognise hip dysplasia?

A

Stifle is rotated outwards, hock is rotated inwards

79
Q

How do dislocated hips occur in cows?

A

Connected with oestrus or calving (slackening of ligaments)

80
Q

How can you treat hip dislocation?

A

Closed reduction: sedate, lie cow on side, extend leg as much as possible, push stifle down and hock up.
Must be done within 24 hours, before a blood clot has formed

81
Q

Give a cause of a spontaneous fracture in a cow

A

Hypophosphataemia

82
Q

Can you splint a fracture above the elbow and stifle?

A

NO

Must be able to splint up to a joint above the fracture

83
Q

How do you treat septic arthritis?

A

Conservative: aggressive ABs, anti-inflammatories
Surgical: lavage, arthroscopy, arthrotomy (opening the joint)

84
Q

When does the Food Hygiene (England) Regulations 2005 state that emergency slaughter can be used?

A

An otherwise healthy animal must have suffered an accident that prevented its transport to the slaughterhouse for welfare reasons

85
Q

Which criteria must a cow fit in order to be sent for slaughter at a slaughterhouse?

A

Likely to be fit for human consumption
Clean
Free from residues
Properly identified with at least one official eartag and passport
Fit to be transported to a slaughterhouse

86
Q

When may a cow be slaughtered on farm and the body sent to a slaughterhouse with a veterinary certificate?

A

If it is otherwise healthy but has suffered an accident preventing transport

87
Q

When may a cow be slaughtered on farm and have its body disposed of as fallen stock?

A

Not fit for human consumption
Not properly identified eg no ear tags
Not fit to be transported to a slaughterhouse

88
Q

Is on-farm burial permitted for cows that die on the farm?

A

No

89
Q

What must happen to cows that die on farm that are aged over 48 months?

A

Tested for BSE

90
Q

Give some differentials for sudden death in cows

A 
Haemorrhage (eg calving injury)
Plant toxicity (eg yew)
Lightening
Electrocution
Hypomagnesaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Toxaemia
Bloat
Blackleg (Cl chaevoei)
Blacks disease (Cl novyi type B)
Anthrax
91
Q

What would you see in a cow that has died of anthrax?

A

No rigor mortis, blood not clotted- black and tarry

92
Q

Who is authorised to do anthrax tests?

A

OV

93
Q

What must happen if a farmer suspects anthrax on their farm?

A

Farmer informs vet of sudden death
Vet telephones local APHA office
Out of hours can do the test first, but must telephone next working day
Given a reference number if DEFRA want the test
You may do a private investigation, without telling the Ministry of a negative finding, but you will not be paid
APHA will tell the police and Local Authority if positive
(Don’t move the animal until tested negative)

94
Q

How do you test for anthrax?

A

Thick blood smear from dead cow, stained with methylene blue

Year 4 (51 decks)

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