Bovine Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is ERDP? Give an example

A

Effective rumen-degrading protein eg urea

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2
Q

What is FME? Give an example

A

Fermentable metabolisable energy ie starches and sugars

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3
Q

What is RUDP?

A

Undegradable rumen protein
Digested in abomasum and small intestine
eg soya
High quality, expensive

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4
Q

How much protein does a dairy cow require?

A

16% if yield < 8000L

18% if yield > 8000L

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5
Q

How much protein is in grass silage?

A

12-18%

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6
Q

What is ME?

A

Metabolisable energy

Energy available to animal for maintenance, growth, lactation and pregnancy

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7
Q

What is the capacity of the rumen?

A

200L +

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates fermented to?

A

Volatile fatty acids (acetate, butyrate, propionate)
CO2
Methane

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9
Q

What happens to VFAs in the rumen?

A

Absorbed across rumen wall
Enter Krebbs cyce
Glucose synthesis (from propionate)

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10
Q

How much does a ruminant eat?

A

2-2.5% BW if doing nothing
If lactating: 3% BW if producing 30L/day, 4% BW if producing 50L/day
If heavily pregnant, eats less as foetus occupies space in abdomen

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11
Q

Give some factors that influence DMI

A
Body weight and fatness (fat suppresses appetite)
Milk yield
Stage of production cycle
Type of food (digestibility)
Palatability
Access to feed
Availability (TMR vs parlour feed etc)
Social factors eg bullying
Stress/pain eg lameness
Rumen health
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12
Q

When do cows ruminate best?

A

When lying down

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13
Q

How much energy does a cow require for maintenance?

A

65-70MJ

+ 5MJ/litre of milk

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14
Q

What are ghrelins?

A

Hormones involved in appetite

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15
Q

When is milk yield highest?

A

8 weeks after calving

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16
Q

What DMI should you aim for at peak milk yield?

A

4% (appetite)

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17
Q

What M/D values should lactating, dry and cows at pasture be fed?

A

Lactating cows: 11.5-12.3 MJ ME/kg DM
Dry cows: 8-8.5 MJ ME/kg DM
Cows at pasture: no more than 14 MJ ME/kg DM

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18
Q

What are the DM and M/D values for clamp grass silage?

A

DM: 20-35%

M/D: 10-12 MJ ME/Kg DM

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19
Q

What are the DM and M/D values for maize silage?

A

DM: 30-35%
M/D: 11-11.5 MJ ME/Kg DM
(High starch so fast fermenting, low protein, poor fibre source)

20
Q

What are the DM and M/D values for big bale silage?

A

DM: 30-35%

M/D: 8.5-10.5 MJ ME/Kg DM

21
Q

What are the DM and M/D values for hay?

A

DM: 85%

M/D: 8-9 MJ ME/Kg DM

22
Q

What are the DM and M/D values for straw?

A

DM: 85%

M/D: 5.5-6.5 MJ ME/Kg DM

23
Q

What are the DM and M/D values for grass?

A

DM: 20% or less

M/D: 10-12.5 MJ ME/Kg DM

24
Q

What are the DM and M/D values for concentrates/cake?

A

DM: very dry!

M/D: 12.5 MJ ME/Kg as fed

25
Where do cows get most of their vitamins from?
Rumen bacteria
26
What are the management aims during the dry period?
Avoid getting fat Rest period Mammary regeneration Rumen development (suitable bugs for post-calving diet, big and muscular, big healthy papillae for good absorption
27
How long is the dry period?
60 days
28
What happens to DMI during the dry period?
Decreases, therefore good to get cows eating as soon as they calve
29
What kind of diet should you feed during the dry period?
Lasts 8 weeks: 5 weeks: Low energy/high fibre diet 3 weeks: 'transition diet' Should also pay attention to the 3 weeks after calving
30
What DMI should a cow have in the early dry period?
10-14kg
31
How much M/D energy should a cow be getting in the early dry period? What kind of diet should this be?
7.5-8.5 MJ/day (low energy) | High fibre for rumen health
32
Why should you not feed too much energy in early lactation?
Suppresses appetite | Predisposes to metabolic disease in lactation ('fatty liver', diabetes)
33
How much energy does a cow need in a transition diet? | What about M/D value?
110-120 MJ/day | M/D: 9.5-10 MJ ME/Kg DM
34
How much crude protein does a cow need in a transition diet?
13-15%
35
Keeping many cows on a small patch of grass is a risk factor for what?
Strep uberis mastitis
36
What should you feed in a transition diet?
Silage and straw and 2-2.5kg dry cow concentrate
37
When should you move a dry cow to a calving pen?
Early 2nd stage of labour
38
How much feed barrier space should a cow have?
At least 90cm/cow
39
Is it better for a cow to be fat or thin before calving? | Why?
Thin Fat cows lose more BCS in early lactation, and have smaller increases in milk yield Fat cows before calving become thin cows after calving
40
When does most metabolic disease occur?
In the first 10-12 weeks of lactation
41
Give some problems that can occur in cows after calving
``` Ketosis Milk fever (hypocalcaemia) RFM/metritis/endometritis Mastitis Displaced abomasum Fertility problems Lameness ```
42
What happens to DMI during gestation?
Decreases
43
What DMI should you aim for in the dry period?
12-14kg
44
What is a 'far off diet'?
Early dry period diet | Silage plus straw
45
When is a cow's peak DMI?
4-10 weeks post-calving
46
What is the 'keenan diet'?
One diet for the whole dry period Low energy (95-100 MJ/day, 12-13 kg DMI, M/D 8-8.5) Include chopped straw