Pickett, Chen CH 6 (3)

Question 1

collective self

Answer 1

self-definition in terms of group membership

Question 2

accentuation principle of categorization

Answer 2

when stimuli are placed into categories

Question 3

minimal group paradigm

Answer 3

• No face-to-face interaction between subjects
• Total anonymity
• No rational link between categorization criteria and response
• No benefit to self of particular response
• And yet…people care!

Question 4

depersonalization

Answer 4

process whereby individuals perceive themselves less as unique individual and more as an “interchangeable exemplar” of a particular category

Question 5

self-stereotyping

Answer 5

people are assimilated to the relevant group prototype and the traits that are stereotypical of the group came to be seen as characteristic of the self

Question 6

frog-pond effect

Answer 6

-the idea that people generally like to be a “big fish in a little pond”

Question 7

social identity

Answer 7

the individual’s knowledge that he belongs to certain social groups together with some emotional and value significance to him of this group membership

Question 8

McDougall’s concept of the group mind

Answer 8

to reflect the idea that crowds (or groups of individuals) sometimes appear to have a mental life of their own and that the traits, values, and behaviors that emerge in a group context may be quite distinct from that of the individual group members

Question 9

factors that diminished interest in studying the collective self

Answer 9

• split between sociology and psychology

- increased popularity of behaviorism

Question 10

functional benefits of group membership **

Answer 10

• enhanced prospects for survival and reproduction
• teaches to behave in appropriate and functional ways according to group
• sense of belonging and security

Question 11

how are social categories represented

Answer 11

-prototypes= fuzzy sets of attributes that prescribe thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that capture commonalities among people within a group an distinguish that group from other groups

Question 12

psychological mechanism involved in creating the collective self **

Answer 12

• depersonalization

- self stereotyping

Question 13

Reid and Deaux (1996) design

Answer 13

• collected information from study participants regarding their collective identities and the traits that comprised those identities
• researchers presented participants with the traits and identities that participants had previously listed in an unordered list of words.
• participants were asked to recall as many of the words from the list as they could remember.

Question 14

hierarchical process model of self

Answer 14

• emphasizes that only one level of self-representation is functionally salient at any one time – individual , relational, or collective
• the self is a specific product of a context dependent comparison

Question 15

McFarland and Buehler (1995) results

Answer 15

the basis for self-evaluation shifts as a function of an individual’s level of self-representation

Question 16

what is the dominant motivational concern at the collective level of self-representation

Answer 16

the welfare of one’s group

• individuals will behave in ways that benefit their group even if it comes at their own personal expense

Question 17

general finding from studies using minimal group paradigm **

Answer 17

participants would act in ways that benefited their in-group over the outgroup

-allocated more resources to the in-group and evaluated the in-group more positively

Question 18

why do participants in minimal group studies discriminate in favor of their group?

Answer 18

doing so results in a favorable comparison between the ingroup and out-group, thereby enhancing positive social identity and allowing participants to achieve a positive self-evaluation in terms of that identity

Question 19

interpersonal-intergroup continuum

Answer 19

social behavior varies along. a continuum of interpersonal to intergroup

• interpersonal: interaction is determined by the personal characteristics of the individuals and their personal relationships
• intergroup: individuals interact with each other purely as a function of their respective group memberships

Question 20

self-esteem hypothesis

Answer 20

proposes the existence of a fundamental individual motivation for self-esteem which is satisfier in an intergroup contest by maximizing the difference between in-group and outgroup

Question 21

Rubin and Hewstone’s (1998) conclusions about the two corollaries derived from the self-esteem hypothesis

Answer 21

• first corollary:intergroup discrimination enhances self-esteem
• second corollary: little evidence was found in support

Question 22

self-categorization theory

Answer 22

personal and social identities represent different levels of self-definition, and as one moves from one level to the other, one’s subjective sense of self changes

Question 23

hogg and Turner (1987) design, results, conclusions

Answer 23

D-had men and women interact in intrasex dyads or intersex four person groups

R-in the intergroup condition (where gender was salient) subjects considered themselves to be more typical of members of their sex and also self-stereotyped more than subjects who had interacted within same-sex dyads.

C-participants’ perceptions of their similarity to other group members was enhanced when group identity became salient, and this was true particularly on positive group traits.

Question 24

optimal distinctiveness theory **

Answer 24

social identity is conceptualized as deriving “from a fundamental tension between human needs for validation and similarity to others (on the one hand) and a countervailing need for uniqueness and individuation (on the other)

Question 25

need for assimilation

Answer 25

• Ingroup inclusion

- in order to alleviate or ward off the isolation or stigmatization that may result from being highly individuated

Question 26

need for differentiation

Answer 26

due to the lack of distinctiveness motivates individuals to differentiate themselves from other group members

Question 27

how can the needs for assimilation and differentiation be satisfied simultaneously?

Answer 27

-by joining different social groups

Question 28

two ways that the need for differentiation can be satisfier

Answer 28

• making intragroup distinction –dividing an overly inclusive group int o more distinctive subgroups with which to identify
• making intergroup comparisons between one’s group and an outgroup

Question 29

do all groups offer the same optimal distinctiveness? does everyone have the same desired optimal distinctiveness

Answer 29

• We all have a perfect balance between these two!

- Membership in a group allows us to meet both needs simultaneously.

Question 30

uncertainty identity theory

Answer 30

We can reduce uncertainty by identifying with groups that provide clear normative prescriptions for behavior

Question 31

Reid and Hogg (2005) design

Answer 31

• manipulated feelings of self-uncertainty by having male and female participants complete a quantity estimation task where they were asked to estimate the number of objects that appeared on their computer screen over a series of trials.

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Question 32

Reid and hogg (2005) results and conclusion

Answer 32

• under conditions of high uncertainty, participants exhibited high levels of group identification regardless of whether the group was high or low in status.
• uncertainty was low, participants were sensitive to the status dimension and identified more strongly with the high status than low status group.

Question 33

Reid and Deaux (1996) results

Answer 33

Traits tended to be recalled together with other traits, and identities tended to be recalled with other identities, but importantly there was also evidence that traits associated by a particular identity tended to cluster together.