Brown Chapter 10 (3)

Question 1

Lewinsohn, Mischel, Chaplin, and Barton (1980) …design

Answer 1

-design: non depressed and depressed participants engage in group discussion, then rated their social competence on a 17-item scale, while researchers too made similar ratings of each participant

Question 2

Lewinsohn, Mischel, Chaplin, and Barton (1980)… results, conclusions

Answer 2

• results: depressed participants tended to be fairly accurate in their judgements, seeing themselves as they were seen by others
• conclusions:

Question 3

relationship between depression and the degree to which individuals exhibit the illusion of control

Answer 3

• depressed individuals overestimate their ability to bring about a desired outcome, but a lesser degree than non depressed individuals
• depressed individuals better able to detect whether they have control over a situation or not

Question 4

two forms of self-deception

Answer 4

• self deception enhancement

- self deception denial

Question 5

self-deception enhancement

Answer 5

• occurs when individuals unrealistically attribute positive characteristics to themselves
• describe themselves in terms that seem too good to be true

Question 6

self-deception denial

Answer 6

-occurs when individuals unrealistically deny possessing negative characteristics

Question 7

relationship between depression and self-deception enhancement

Answer 7

• the higher people scored on the self-deception questionnaire, the lower they scored on the depression scale
• self-deception enhancement is a component of psychological well being

Question 8

depressive realism **

Answer 8

• depressed individuals are less positively biased, they re less prone to self-deception
• people who are depressed were better able to detect whether they have control of a situation or not
• sadness encourages people to be more analytic and think more critically, accurate, logically

Question 9

the relationship between depression and the positive illusions **…people with depression

Answer 9

-positive illusions associated with better mental health (less depression)

• rate themselves less positively (more accurately)
• perceive less control over their lives (more accurately)
• more pessimistic about the future

Question 10

health outcomes of positive illusions

Answer 10

• good career outcomes
• healthy relationships
• predict good physical health outcomes: lower cardiovascular responses to stress, more rapid cardiovascular recovery, lower baseline cortisol levels

Question 11

how do positive illusions affect our relationships

Answer 11

-thinking about partner that they are better than they really are = more satisfying relationship

Question 12

4 components of psychological health

Answer 12

• a subjective state of happiness or well-being
• the capacity to form and maintain satisfying interpersonal relationships
• the ability to engage in productive and meaningful work
• the capacity to grow and mature by successfully coping with life’s challenges

Question 13

Murray, Holmes, and Griffin (1996) results and conclusions

Answer 13

• results: couples who viewed their partner in positive terms were happier and more satisfied in their relationship than were couples who appraisals of one another were more accurate
• conclusions: suggests that idealistic, rather than realistic, perceptions of one’s partner are linked to satisfying interpersonal relationships

Question 14

benefits of perceived control …people who believe they have control over events in their lives

Answer 14

• feel better about themselves, cope better with adversity
• perform better on a variety of cognitive and manual tasks
• perceptions of control influence physical well-being and longevity

Question 15

what differentiates hardy people from non-hardy people *

Answer 15

• adapt to life changes by viewing events constructively
• commitment: willing to stick it out
• challenge: see events challenge rather than threat
• control: see themselves in control of their lives

Question 16

problem-focused coping …when should you use it? *

Answer 16

• directly confront or minimize stressor
• involves taking active steps to deal with the source of stress
• person’s efforts are directed at resolving the source of stress

Question 17

emotion-focused coping…when should you use it? *

Answer 17

• attempt to eliminate or reduce the emotional distress

- can be constructive (exercise) or destructive (abuse drugs)

Question 18

why optimists cope better with stress than pessimists

Answer 18

• optimists more inclined to use problem-focused coping strategies
• they set goals and then take active aims to achieve their goals
• look at their situation in the most positive terms and attempt to construe benefit from tragedy

Question 19

clinical guidelines of narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 19

• grandiose (exaggerated sense of self-importance and uniqueness)
• exhibitionistic (require near constant attention and admiration from others)
• entitlement (expect wishes should automatically be met, other should grant them special favors without reciprocity)
• interpersonal exploitative (use others as objects of selfish gains)

Question 20

relationship between exaggerated perceptions of control and persistence ….people who exaggerate their ability to control events may be prone to

Answer 20

• maladaptive persistence
• continue to pursue goals that are beyond their reach
• don’t know when to quit
• very sensitive to when persistence pays off and when it does not