brown ch 4 Flashcards
how would the emergence of the symbolic self been shaped by natural selection (you don’t need to know the 7 functions specifically)? *
- set goals
- perform goal-guided behaviors
- evaluate outcome of behaviors
- link behavioral outcome to feelings toward the symbolic self
- communicate to other organisms and negotiate
- form abstract representation through language
Roughly when might the symbolic self have emerged, according to this theory?
during the late Pleistocene period, during homo Erectus
Generally know the way the self develops over the first few years of life (you don’t need to memorize the table, but you should broadly understand the arc of simple to more complex levels of self-awareness)
- sensory feedback
- proprioceptive feedback
- object permanence
- self other differentiation
- body self awareness
- mirror self recognition
- autobiographical memory
- self conscious emotions
What is symbolic interactionism concerned with?
- understanding the socialization process
- how are individuals transformed from asocial creatures at birth into socialized beings
According to Mead, when do people become socialized?
-when they adopt the perspective of others and imagine how they appear from other people’s point of view
generalized other
viewing ourselves through the eyes of an abstract, generalized other that represents the broader society and culture into which we are born
difference between play and game according to Mead
- play: requires adopting the perspective of a particular other and seeing yourself from the other person’s point of view
- game: child adopts the attitudes of many other people, there are multiple others and the child must be aware of many people’s perspectives
According to Mead, when is the self fully developed and socialization complete.
-when we are able to adopt the perspective of an abstract, generalized other that represents the society at large
What was Mead’s view of cognition versus emotion in the development of the self?
-cognition, not emotion, is the central element of the self
Know the key features of each of Piaget’s four stages
- sensory-motor stage: egocentrism, knowledge is centered on own thoughts and feelings
- preoperational: symbols, language, abstract thinking, pretend play
- concrete stage: logical thinking, reverse thinking, understand conservation
- formal operations stage: hypothetical thinking, inductive and deductive reasoning, capable of taking others perspective
Piaget’s four stages order
- sensory-motor stage
- preoperational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operations stage
Erickson’s model of psychosocial development … Know which psychosocial conflict is associated with each stage of life.
- 1: trust vs. mistrust
- 1-3: autonomy vs shame and doubt
- 3-5: initiative vs. guilt
- 6-12: industry vs inferiority
- adolescence: identity vs. role confusion
- early adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
- middle adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
- late adulthood: integrity vs. despair
Erickson believed that the adolescent identity crisis is resolved once commitments are made in which three broad areas?
- occupation
- ideology
- sexual orientation
How did chimpanzees raised in isolation perform on the mirror-recognition task?
- chimpanzees reared in isolation showed no indication of knowing that they were the object in the mirror
- Only after three months of social interaction did they begin to show signs of self-recognition
What evidence (four pieces) did Butterworth (1992) cite to support his claim that infants come into the world with the capacity to distinguish the self from others.
- Newborns can visually orient themselves and maintain body postures in a changing environment
- newborns cry harder to the sound of another infant’s cry but not to the sound of their own cry
- newborns rapidly learn to control movements of objects and show delight when doing so
- mouth anticipates the arrival of the hand
