Final Part 3

Question 1

self-serving bias

Answer 1

taking credit for success

• success is attributed to internal/ personal attribution
• failure is attributed to external causes/ situation

Question 2

why does self-serving bias happen?

Answer 2

• cognitive: people expect to succeed and tend to attribute internal causes to expected events
• motivational: people want to feel good about self

Question 3

confirmation bias…in what way can it be self-serving?

Answer 3

-the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs

Question 4

3 main positive illusions

Answer 4

• I’m great:
• I’m in control:
• the future will be better:

Question 5

illusion of control

Answer 5

-unrealistic perceptions of personal control over events

Question 6

how do positive illusions affect our relationships

Answer 6

-thinking about partner that they are better than they really are = more satisfying relationship

Question 7

definition of Lake Wobegon effect

Answer 7

• The average person purports to believe extremely flattering things about his or herself– beliefs that do not stand up to objective analysis
• We tend to believe that we possess a host of socially desirable characteristics, and that we are free of most of those that are socially undesirable

Question 8

how are peopleself-serving when apportioning responsibility for their success and failures?

Answer 8

• people attribute their success to themselves

- failures to external circumstances

Question 9

global self-esteem

Answer 9

-a personality variable that captures the way people generally feel about themselves

Question 10

state self-esteem

Answer 10

the way people generally feel about themselves at that moment

Question 11

implicit self-esteem

Answer 11

v

Question 12

narcissism …what is it?

Answer 12

• exaggerated sense of self-importance, entitlement

- grandiose, exhibitionistic, manipulative

Question 13

how is narcissism related to self-esteem

Answer 13

• defensive self-esteem = contingent self esteem = shame = unstable self-esteem
• dissociated implicit and explicit self-esteem = continent self esteem = hubristic pride= unstable self-esteem

Question 14

secure

Answer 14

• closeness to the mother and independence
• lack of concern with being abandoned
• Eager to see mother when she returns
• mastery and belonging needs met

Question 15

anxious/ambivalent

Answer 15

• Have difficulty separating; unwilling or afraid to explore the environment
• Become distressed and upset when mother leaves
• Cling to mother and show signs of insecure dependence when mom returns
• sense of mastery but not belonging

Question 16

avoidant

Answer 16

• Avoid or ignore mother altogether
• Little difficulty separating and little distressed when mom leaves
• Show little interest in mom when she returns; prefer to play alone
• Evade intimacy and closeness with their mothers
• sense of belonging but not mastery

Question 17

sociometer theory

Answer 17

we want to avoid social exclusion and self-esteem lets us know how we stand with others

Question 18

terror management theory

Answer 18

• we need meaning in life to overcome death anxiety

- self-esteem can help buffer us from this existential anxiety

Question 19

Relationship between self-esteem and taking negative feedback personally

Answer 19

• Low self-esteem = felt good when succeeding, felt bad about themselves when failed/ take failure personally, humiliates them and makes them feel ashamed of themselves
• High self-esteem = feelings did not depend so much on whether they had just succeeded or failed

Question 20

relationship between attachment figures and internal working models

Answer 20

-internal working models of the self and others are formed in the context of early interactions with attachment figures

Question 21

what do low levels of self-esteem predict, in terms of negative outcomes

Answer 21

-dissatisfaction with life, hopelessness, loneliness, delinquency, lower satisfaction with relationships and one’s career, and higher suicide rates

Question 22

What was the relationship between self-esteem and happiness?

Answer 22

○ People with high self-esteem tend to show more initiative and appear to be significantly happier than others
-Less likely to be depressed

Question 23

self-handicapping functions

Answer 23

○ Low self-esteem people use self-handicapping to avoid the perception that they have low ability (form of self-protection)

○ High self-esteem people use self-handicapping to augment the perception that they have high ability (form of self-enhancement)

Question 24

relational self

Answer 24

• Captures our connections to others, who we are in relational to significant others

-what we experience about ourselves – our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Question 25

symbolic interactionism

Answer 25

• School of thought that lies at the intersection of sociology and social psychology
• Concerned with the relationship between the person and society, adhering to the belief that the two are mutually constructed in the course of social interaction

-Assume the self arises and indeed exists only in interaction with others

Question 26

reflected appraisals

Answer 26

Refer to our perceptions of others’ perceptions of us

Question 27

internal working models of self and others

Answer 27

• Refer to the set of beliefs and expectations people hold of themselves as a consequence of their interactions with attachment figures

-Reflect the influence of significant others and therefore can thought of as one form of relational self

Question 28

actual self

Answer 28

People’s beliefs about what they are actually like

Question 29

ideal self

Answer 29

People’s beliefs about what they would ideally like to be

Question 30

ought self

Answer 30

People’s beliefs about what they think they ought to be

Question 31

independent self-construal

Answer 31

•A view of the self as a separate, autonomous, and bounded entity
-American cultures

Question 32

interdependent self-construal

Answer 32

• A view of the self as interconnected with others

-East Asian cultures

Question 33

self-discrepancy theory

Answer 33

-general notion that aspect of significant others may be included the self

Question 34

self-determination theory

Answer 34

• the notion of incorporating aspects of significant others in the self
• extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

Question 35

collective self

Answer 35

self definition in terms of group membership

Question 36

social identity theory

Answer 36

the individual’s knowledge that he belongs to certain social groups together with some emotional and value significance to him of this group membership

Question 37

hierarchical process model of self

Answer 37

• emphasizes that only one level of self-representation is functionally salient at any one time – individual , relational, or collective
• the self is a specific product of a context dependent comparison

Question 38

general finding from studies using minimal group paradigm **

Answer 38

participants would act in ways that benefited their in-group over the outgroup

-allocated more resources to the in-group and evaluated the in-group more positively

Question 39

self-categorization theory

Answer 39

personal and social identities represent different levels of self-definition, and as one moves from one level to the other, one’s subjective sense of self changes

Question 40

optimal distinctiveness theory

Answer 40

social identity is conceptualized as deriving “from a fundamental tension between human needs for validation and similarity to others (on the one hand) and a countervailing need for uniqueness and individuation (on the other)

Question 41

need for assimilation

Answer 41

• Ingroup inclusion

- in order to alleviate or ward off the isolation or stigmatization that may result from being highly individuated

Question 42

need for differentiation

Answer 42

due to the lack of distinctiveness motivates individuals to differentiate themselves from other group members

Question 43

how can the needs for assimilation and differentiation be satisfied

Answer 43

-by joining different social groups

Question 44

uncertainty identity theory

Answer 44

We can reduce uncertainty by identifying with groups that provide clear normative prescriptions for behavior

Question 45

relationship between high self-monitoring and attitude-behavior congruence

Answer 45

• High self-monitor: Carefully monitors situational cues, then changes behavior to match situation
• Low self-monitor: Largely ignores situational cues, behavior matches inner personality despite context

Question 46

difference between public self-consciousness and self-monitoring

Answer 46

• Self-monitoring & public self-consciousness tend to be positively correlated
• BUT self-monitoring is motivated, public self-consciousness isn’t
• People high in public self-consciousness don’t necessarily change who they are in response to the situation (unlike high self-monitors)

Question 47

public vs. private self-consciousness

Answer 47

-Public self-consciousness: focusing on oneself as a social objects & how one is seen by others. The extent to which people focus on the public, observable aspects of themselves

-Private self-consciousness: attending to one’s inner states
The extent to which one introspects

Question 48

five self-presentation strategies

Answer 48

• ingratiation
• self promotion
• intimidation
• exemplification
• supplication

Question 49

ingratiation

Answer 49

• Get the other person to like you
• Compliments, favors, flattery
• Risks: May be seen as insincere and deceitful; But people are surprisingly willing to accept flattery at face value.

Question 50

self-promotion

Answer 50

• Goal: Convince people of your competence; that you are capable, intelligent, talented
• Behaviors: Boasting, showing off; tooting your own horn
• Risks: Being seen as conceited or fraudulent

Question 51

intimidation

Answer 51

-Goal: To be feared by others

Behaviors: Threats

Risks: Being seen as ineffectual or being reviled

Question 52

exemplification

Answer 52

• Create the impression that you are morally superior, virtuous, or righteous
• Self-denial, martyrdom, exaggerate one’s suffering

Risks: Being seen as sanctimonious or hypocritical

Question 53

supplication

Answer 53

• To be seen as helpless
• Publicly exaggerate weaknesses and deficiencies; self-deprecate

Risks: Can be seen as manipulative or demanding

Question 54

symbolic self-completion theory

Answer 54

-assumes that most important identities require social validation , thus people actively try and conceive others that they are entitled to claim the identity