Final Part 1

Question 1

ME….what is it? how is it different?

Answer 1

-the aspect of the self that is an object of our attention, thought, or perception

Question 2

I …. what is it? how is it different ?

Answer 2

-the aspect of the self that is actively perceiving, thinking, or seeing

Question 3

James three components of the empirical self ….as well as the fourth updated component

Answer 3

material self

• social self
• spiritual self

-collective self (updated)

Question 4

material self

Answer 4

• individual’s body and possessions
• serves a symbolic function, help people define themselves
• extends the self in time (after death)
• emotional responses to possessions attest our importance to the self

-EX: my arms, my legs, my children, my car

Question 5

social self

Answer 5

• how we are regarded and recognized by others (social identities)
• the various social positions we occupy and the social roles we play

Question 6

spiritual self

Answer 6

• collection of states of consciousness
• our inner self or our psychological self
• elicit emotions (pride) and goals (self-preservation)
• our perceived abilities, attitudes, emotions, interests, opinions, traits, etc

Question 7

collective self …involves what group of people? concerned with what two issues?

Answer 7

• involves people, particularly those who occupy a minority status
• how people evaluate these specific identities?
• how people maintain their ethnic identities when exposed to a dominant majority culture?

Question 8

western cultures

Answer 8

• individualistic
• emphasize ways in which people are different from one another
• importance on their personal identities

Question 9

eastern cultures

Answer 9

• cooperative, collective, and interdependent
• emphasize ways in which people are liked together
• importance on their social identities

Question 10

independent self-construals

Answer 10

personal attributes; own thought, feelings, and actions

Question 11

interdependent self-construes

Answer 11

roles and group memberships, relationships to others; thoughts, feelings, and actions of others

Question 12

what are the self-conscious emotions ?

Answer 12

• shame

- guilt

Question 13

shame

Answer 13

• public emotion that follows from public disapproval
• encompassing emotion
• arises from the perception that one is a bad person or is wholly inadequate
• leads people to hide from others

Question 14

guilt

Answer 14

-private response to the perception that one has failed to live up to one’s personal standards and ideals

• focus on particular misdeed
• give rise to a tendency to make reparations

Question 15

two meanings of consciousness

Answer 15

• the subjective experience of the world, resulting from brain activity
• the state or a process of an individual

Question 16

brain regions important for consciousness

Answer 16

• prefrontal

- parietal lobe

Question 17

elements of consciousness

Answer 17

• subjective point of view; our unique view of the world
• qualia: individual experiences; what things are like for that person
• metacognition: reflect upon thoughts and draw judgement upon them
• inner speech: our verbal narrative of the reasons for and reflections on our behavior
• volition: making and sticking to decisions

Question 18

supramodel integration theory

Answer 18

–connects systems together and allows communication between brain regions that would not be able to communicate with one another on their own

-allows us to overrides some automatic systems or the dominant response

Question 19

global neuronal workspace model of consciousness

Answer 19

• arises from when brain regions/ circuits are active
• subjectively experienced brain activity
• different areas responsible for conscious awareness of different types of information

Question 20

information integration theory

Answer 20

• proposes shared information itself constitutes consciousness
• we are conscious of many things, but experience all the information as a whole

Question 21

brain regions responsible for consciousness according to ITT

Answer 21

cortex, thalamus

Question 22

5 functions/ consequences of consciousness

Answer 22

• planning
• decision making and self control
• self conceptualization: allows us to evaluate our behavior and monitor our progress on certain goals
• introspection:
• perspective taking

Question 23

self awareness brain regions

Answer 23

prefrontal cortex

Question 24

why would the self be adaptive for early humans

Answer 24

• ecological pressure: to help adapt to environment

- social pressure: to aid in cooperation and maintain group bonds, reproduction

Question 25

self awareness

Answer 25

• recognition of our consciousness
• a specific ability that enables complex thought and behavior
• present in a select few organisms

Cognitive process that involves perceiving oneself as a continuous, conscious entity; having an autobiographic memory; aware of one’s traits and feelings, etc.

-being aware of oneself as a thinking being

Question 26

consciousness

Answer 26

• awareness of one’s body and one’s environment
• a broad cognitive ability that enables thought
• present in many organisms

Question 27

Describe “standards” in the original theory

Answer 27

• a mental representation of correct behavior, attitudes, and traits
• All of the standards of correctness taken together define what a ‘correct’ person is”

Question 28

What two things might happen when a discrepancy between standards and behavior arose?

Answer 28

negative affect arises

Question 29

How is this affected by belief about one’s ability to reduce the discrepancy? two ways people react to reduce discrepancy?

Answer 29

• actively change their actions, attitudes, or traits to be more congruent with the representations of the standard
• avoid the self-focusing stimuli and circumstances.

Question 30

internal attributions

Answer 30

People saw themselves as more responsible for both positive and negative events

Question 31

external attributions

Answer 31

outside sources more responsible

Question 32

objective self-awareness

Answer 32

When attention is directed inward and the individual’s consciousness is focused on himself, he is the object of his own consciousness

Question 33

Generally know the way the self develops over the first few years of life

Answer 33

• sensory feedback
• proprioceptive feedback
• object permanence
• self other differentiation
• body self awareness
• mirror self recognition
• autobiographical memory
• self conscious emotions

Question 34

What is symbolic interactionism concerned with? (Mead’s Symbolic Interactionism Theory)

Answer 34

• understanding the socialization process

- how are individuals transformed from asocial creatures at birth into socialized beings

Question 35

Know the key features of each of Piaget’s four stages

Answer 35

• sensory-motor stage: egocentrism, knowledge is centered on own thoughts and feelings
• preoperational: symbols, language, abstract thinking, pretend play
• concrete stage: logical thinking, reverse thinking, understand conservation
• formal operations stage: hypothetical thinking, inductive and deductive reasoning, capable of taking others perspective

Question 36

Piaget’s four stages order

Answer 36

• sensory-motor stage
• preoperational stage
• concrete operational stage
• formal operations stage

Question 37

Erickson’s model of psychosocial development … Know which psychosocial conflict is associated with each stage of life.

Answer 37

• 1: trust vs. mistrust
• 1-3: autonomy vs shame and doubt
• 3-5: initiative vs. guilt
• 6-12: industry vs inferiority
• adolescence: identity vs. role confusion
• early adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
• middle adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
• late adulthood: integrity vs. despair