Brown Chapter 8 (3)

Question 1

3 meanings of self-esteem

Answer 1

• global self-esteem
• self-evaluations
• feelings of self-worth

Question 2

global self-esteem **

Answer 2

-a personality variable that captures the way people generally feel about themselves

Question 3

state self-esteem (global )

Answer 3

the way people generally feel about themselves

Question 4

self-evaluations

Answer 4

• the way people evaluate their various abilities and attributes
• the way people evaluate or appraise their abilities and personality characteristics

Question 5

feelings of self-worth

Answer 5

• momentary emotional states, particularly those that arise from a positive or negative outcomes
• positive: feeling proud
• negative: humiliated and ashamed

Question 6

cognitive approach…self-esteem is

Answer 6

-an overall evaluation of oneself

• information integration
• an evaluation based on emotions

-a more or less conscious decision people make regarding their worth as a person

Question 7

affective response to self-esteem

Answer 7

self-esteem made up belonging and mastery feelings, which develop early in life

Question 8

Rosenberg self-esteem scale

Answer 8

• developed to assess global self-esteem

- focuses on people’s general feelings toward themselves, without referring to any specific quality or attribute

Question 9

Problems with self-report measures of self-esteem: self-presentational concerns and defensive processes

Answer 9

• Self-presentational concerns: Rather than rating how they really feel about themselves, people may distort their responses to create a particular impression
• Defensive processes: people may be fooling themselves by defensively claiming to feel better about themselves than they really do

Question 10

what is implicit self-esteem?

Answer 10

f

Question 11

how can implicit self-esteem be measured? describe different tasks

Answer 11

• name letter effect: like own initials more than letters not in their name
• signature size effect
• Self-esteem IAT: how fast individuals associate positively o negatively valenced words with self

Question 12

is the relation between implicit & explicit self-esteem strong?

Answer 12

f

Question 13

secure and defensive high self-esteem

Answer 13

-secure: positive self-views that are secure and confidently held

Question 14

secure and defensive high self-esteem… how are they likely to react to criticism

Answer 14

• secure: positive self-views that are secure and confidently held
• defensive high self-esteem: positive self-views that are fragile and vulnerable to threat, leads people to zealously promote and protect their self-esteem

Question 15

damaged self-esteem …what does it predict

Answer 15

• negative self-views that are discrepant from non-conscious vies of self
• predicts: psychological distress, depression, suicidal ideation, loneliness

Question 16

Narcissism… what is it?

Answer 16

• exaggerated sense of self-importance, entitlement

- grandiose, exhibitionistic, manipulative

Question 17

differentiate the trait and the personality disorder

Answer 17

-show less perspective taking and low empathetic concern

Question 18

how is narcissism related to self-esteem

Answer 18

• defensive self-esteem = contingent self esteem = shame = unstable self-esteem
• dissociated implicit and explicit self-esteem = continent self esteem = hubristic pride= unstable self-esteem

Question 19

what are the two main phenotypes of narcissism,?

Answer 19

• narcissistic grandiosity: entitlement and absorption; associated with sense of superiority and perfection
• narcissistic vulnerability: hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism, associated with shame, rages and avoiding relationships

Question 20

2 components of self-esteem

Answer 20

• sense of belonging

- sense of mastery

Question 21

sense of belonging

Answer 21

• feeling that one is unconditionally loved and valued simply for who one is
• gives a secure base in life
• do not occur at a conscious level
• more intuitive

Question 22

sense of mastery

Answer 22

• more personal in nature
• involves the perception that one is having an impact on the world
• the feeling we get when we are immersed in an activity or are striving to overcome some obstacle

Question 23

strange situation

Answer 23

Measure of how children reacts when separated from and reunited with caregiver

Question 24

3 attachment styles

Answer 24

• secure
• anxious/ambivalent
• avoidant

Question 25

secure

Answer 25

• closeness to the mother and independence
• lack of concern with being abandoned
• Eager to see mother when she returns
• mastery and belonging needs met

Question 26

anxious/ambivalent

Answer 26

• Have difficulty separating; unwilling or afraid to explore the environment
• Become distressed and upset when mother leaves
• Cling to mother and show signs of insecure dependence when mom returns
• sense of mastery but not belonging

Question 27

avoidant

Answer 27

• Avoid or ignore mother altogether
• Little difficulty separating and little distressed when mom leaves
• Show little interest in mom when she returns; prefer to play alone
• Evade intimacy and closeness with their mothers
• sense of belonging but not mastery

Question 28

which attachment style is associated with the highest level of self-esteem

Answer 28

secure

Question 29

authoritarian parenting style

Answer 29

• parents always try to be in control and exert their control on the children.
• Set strict rules to try to keep order and usually do this without much expression of warmth or affection

-children are compliant and submissive, low self-esteem

Question 30

permissive parenting style

Answer 30

• parents give up most control to their children.
• Make few, if any, rules, and the rules that they make are usually not consistently enforced
• children aggressive and act out

Question 31

authoritative parenting style

Answer 31

• parents help children learn to be responsible for themselves and to think about the consequences of their behavior.
• provide clear, reasonable expectations for their children and explanations for why they expect their children to behave in a particular manner

Question 32

Crocker, Voelkl Testa, and Major (k1991) design

Answer 32

• African American college students completed a questionnaire regarding their attitudes, values, and personal qualities
• Told response would be shown to another person (said to be Caucasian) and learn whether the other person liked them or not = unseen condition
• told the other person could see them through a one-way mirror and either be aware or not aware of the participant’s race = seen condition

Question 33

Crocker, Voelkl Testa, and Major (k1991) results and conclusions

Answer 33

• Unseen condition: A.A felt good about themselves when told the other person liked them, and bad when other person did not like them
• Seen condition: feelings toward themselves did not change as a function of the feedback they received
• conclusion: students attributed the evaluation they received to their race, not their personality

Question 34

sociometer theory

Answer 34

we want to avoid social exclusion & self-esteem lets us know how we stand with others

Question 35

terror management theory

Answer 35

• we need meaning in life to overcome death anxiety

- self-esteem can help buffer us from this existential anxiety

Question 36

Relationship between self-esteem and taking negative feedback personally

Answer 36

• Low self-esteem = felt good when succeeding, felt bad about themselves when failed/ take failure personally, humiliates them and makes them feel ashamed of themselves
• High self-esteem = feelings did not depend so much on whether they had just succeeded or failed

Question 37

unstable high self-esteem

Answer 37

• Represents a kind of pseudo or defensive high self-esteem
• Feel good about themselves only when things are going well
• A disguised form of low self-esteem

Question 38

Relationship between self-esteem and risk-taking behavior

Answer 38

• Low self-esteem people avoid taking risks more

- bothered by negative self-relevant feedback, pursue a psychologically safer (but potentially less rewarding) strategy

Question 39

Tice 1991 design

Answer 39

-Participants told they were going to take a test that measured an important intellectual ability

○ Self-protection condition: told test could clearly detect low ability but could not clearly identify high ability

○ Self-enhancement condition: told test could clearly identify high ability but could not clearly detect low ability
Gave participants time to practice before taking the test

Question 40

Tice 1991 results

Answer 40

○ Low self-esteem: handicapped themselves by not practicing when they believed that failure could clearly disclose low ability

-High self-esteem: handicapped themselves by not practicing when they believed that success could clearly reveal high ability

Question 41

Tice 1991 conclusions

Answer 41

○ Low self-esteem people use self-handicapping to avoid the perception that they have low ability (form of self-protection)

○ High self-esteem people use self-handicapping to augment the perception that they have high ability (form of self-enhancement)