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Physiology > Physiology Quiz 6 (Cardiovascular) > Flashcards

Physiology Quiz 6 (Cardiovascular) Flashcards

0
Q

Ectopic center

A

Area of cardiac muscle which normally does not perform pacemaker function that suddenly takes up pacemaker function
Common source of arrhythmia

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1
Q

Automaticity

A

Ability to fire action potential with no outside influence acting upon it (all heart structures have this property)

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2
Q

Causes of ectopic center

A
  • Localized ionic imbalance
  • high level of vagal tone to heart
  • ischemia to area of the heart
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3
Q

Vasovagal response

A

Sudden increase in parasympathetic tone to heart (Ach), often caused by sudden, intense emotional shock; causes syncope

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4
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood flow

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5
Q

Hypoxia

A

Decreased oxygen

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6
Q

How Ach acts on heart

A

Decreases HR

Decreases inotropic state

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7
Q

Hemodynamics

A

Application of physics to blood flow in the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

Equation for blood flow to an area

A

Q=P/R
Q= flow
P= pressure (mmHg)
R= resistance to blood flow

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9
Q

Resistance to blood flow equation

A

R= 8(nu)(length of pathway)/pi(radius to the 4th power)

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10
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

Q=P(radius to 4th power)(Pi)/8(nu)L

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11
Q

Pascals law

A

Relates the effects of gravity on perfusion of blood to regions as well as development of edema

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12
Q

Starling-landis relationship

A

(Graph with hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure lines criss-crossing)
Relates oncotic and hydrostatic pressures along capillary length

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13
Q

Hydrostatic pressure drops the entire length due to…

A

Resistance to flow in capillary

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14
Q

Cause of current sink

A

Area becomes hypoxic
Charge approaches 0
-not producing ATP
-decreased energy for sodium potassium pump
-sodium leaks in and pump does not pump potassium out, so charge becomes more positive
Becomes current sink

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15
Q

What happens when a current sink forms?

A

Will start initiating spikes

Becomes new pacemaker

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16
Q

Does a current sink give a coordinated contraction ?

A

No

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17
Q

What pathology can cause a current sink

A

Atherosclerosis

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18
Q

Atrial flutter

A

Faster than normal contraction of atria; regular pattern

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19
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Aria beat irregularly and out of coordination with ventricles

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20
Q

Examples of abnormal centers of pacemaker functions

A

Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia

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21
Q

What typically proceeds paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia?

A

Premature ventricular contraction

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22
Q

Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia

A

a rapid heartbeat of sudden onset and termination caused by a quick succession of discharges from an ectopic site in a ventricle

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23
Q

What happens with ventricular fibrillation

A

Mass, uncoordinated contraction of ventricle; no blood pumped to system
Typically fatal in about 5 min

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24
Q

Re-entry phenomenon

A

Causes impulse in a cardiac contractile cell to go back up toward SA node and cancels out impulse; causes SA node to lose influence

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25
Q

What must you have for re-entry phenomenon to occur

A

Slowed conduction

Unilateral block

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26
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure of blood due to plasma proteins

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27
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure within blood vessel due to pumping of heart

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28
Q

Where hydrostatic pressure is greater than oncotic pressure, where will fluid flow?

A

Capillary–> tissue

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29
Q

Where oncotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic, where will fluid flow?

A

Tissue–> capillary

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30
Q

Edema

A

Change in relative levels of pressure in system that cause net gain of fluid in tissue

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31
Q

What increases edema

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure (standing, pregnancy, renal disease, congestive heart failure)
Decreased oncotic pressure(starvation, liver dysfunction)
Increased blood volume

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32
Q

What will shift the hydrostatic line upward

A

Congestive heart failure
Renal disease
Pregnancy

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33
Q

What will shift the oncotic pressure line downward?

A

Chronic starvation

Liver dysfunction

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34
Q

How much atrial pressure provides adequate perfusion for brain?

A

80-100 mmHg

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35
Q

Venous return

A

Blood returned to heart

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36
Q

Venous system is responsible for

A

Returning blood to heart

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37
Q

Qualities of venous system that help maintain venous return

A

Skeletal muscle pump
Venous valves
Thoracoabdominal pump

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38
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

Mechanism by which blood is forced back toward the heart when skeletal muscle contracts

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39
Q

Venous valves

A

One way valves that permit flow only in one direction

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40
Q

Vericose veins

A

When valves are damaged, blood is allowed to flow back to muscle
-happens in pregnancy
Eg. Hemoroids

41
Q

Toracoabdominal pump

A

Blood is pulled to the heart by negative pressure in chest caused by breathing
Positive pressure in abdomen pushes blood toward thoracic cavity
-most influential during exercise

42
Q

Factors to consider for how BP in CV system is regulated/influenced

A

Cardiac output
Total peripheral resistance (diameter)
Distensibility of vessels- influences, but will not control BP
Viscosity of blood-influences, but will not control BP
Blood volume available

43
Q

Factors that act rapidly

A

Cardiac output

Total peripheral resistance

44
Q

Factors that are slow acting

A

Changes in blood volume

45
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood propelled by heart into systemic circulation per minute

46
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

Resistance to blood flow into systemic circulation

47
Q

Blood volume

A

Total volume of blood in cardiovascular system

48
Q

What are blood volume changes mediated by

A

Hormones

49
Q

What % of body weight is blood?

A

6%

Better conditioned athletes, pregnancy ^ BV

50
Q

Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance are changed by altering…

A

Neural activity

51
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

CO=SV x HR

SV= stroke volume

52
Q

Stroke volume

A

mL of blood propelled with each ventricular contraction (dependent on body size)

53
Q

Ejection fraction

A

% of total volume in ventricle that is expelled in one beat
(Usually 60-67% @ rest)
Increases with exercise due to increased inotropic force

54
Q

Increased papasympathetic tone to heart causes…

A

Decreased HR

Decreased inotropic state

55
Q

Increased sympathetic tone to heart causes…

A

Increased HR

Increased inotropic state

56
Q

Autonomic influence on the heart is determined by

A

Hypothalamus

57
Q

Arterial pressure equation

A

AP= CO x TPR

Want to act upon TPR to change AP; mostly controlled by radius of vessels

58
Q

Total peripheral resistance is under exclusive control of what autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic

59
Q

Control of TPR occurs primarily at the level of the_____ and is mediated by ______

A

Arteriole; vascular smooth muscle

60
Q

Only places arteriolar vascular smooth muscle is innervated by parasympathetics are

A

Salivary glands

External genitalia

61
Q

Local control of TPR is exerted by

A

Metabolic byproducts

K, H, lactic acid

62
Q

Intrinsic control predominates over these systems

A

Muscle

Heart

63
Q

Extrinsic control predominates over these systems

A

GI
Skin
Kidneys

64
Q

Blood flow received by an area is a result of what system?

A

Balance between local and extrinsic control

65
Q

Local/intrinsic control

A

Metabolic byproducts

66
Q

Extrinsic control

A

Autonomic nervous system

67
Q

When is skin a priority for circulation

A

In hot weather (because it is a thermoregulator)

68
Q

How much cardiac output does the average person have at est

A

5-6 L/min

69
Q

What type of control will exercising muscle be under during exercise?

A

Intrinsic

Will be given priority over several other circulations

70
Q

Kidneys receive ___% of cardiac output at rest

A

25

71
Q

Why do kidneys receive so much cardiac output?

A 
Needs BF for filtering
Essential for controlling
-pH
-ionic levels
-fluid balance
72
Q

What control will non-exercising muscle be primarily under when exercising?

A

Extrinsic

73
Q

Decreased tone to smooth muscle causes

A

Dilation

74
Q

Increased tone to smooth muscle causes

A

Constriction

75
Q

Kidney primarily under______control at all times

A

Extrinsic

76
Q

Arterial barorecepors

A

Pressure receptors that monitor average level of arterial pressure and its rate of change

77
Q

Where are arterial baroreceptors located?

A

Carotid sinus

Aortic arch

78
Q

Where does info from aortic baroreceptors go?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius in medulla

79
Q

What does nucleus tractus solitarius do with info from arterial baroreceptors?

A

Compares it to set point for atrial pressure
If measured pressure is different from set point, hypothalamus alters autonomic outflow to bring pressure closer to set point

80
Q

Arterial baroreceptors are (slow/fast) control

A

Fast

81
Q

Left atrial receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors that monitor stretch of left atrial wall

82
Q

Pressure in left atrial wall is directly proportional to

A

Blood volume

83
Q

Decreased rate of firing of left atrial receptors is perceived as

A

Less blood volume

84
Q

Where is info from left atrial receptors sent?

A

Centers like nucleus tractus solitarius in medulla and compares to normal set point for blood volume

85
Q

If measured blood volume is different from set point….

A

Hypothalamus will change output of ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
- decreased blood volume will lad to increased release of ADH

86
Q

Way does ADH do

A

Acts upon kidney to conserve water

87
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Left atrial exceptions are damaged, or set point changes

88
Q

Renal sympathetic response in left atrial feedback loop is an exception to what?

A

Sympathetic system being divergent; this is point to point control

89
Q

Renin-angiotensin

A

Hormone system entirely within kidney which has significant effect upon controlling BP, especially when arterial pressure drops
Looked at as a mechanism to protect renal blood flow, but also seems to be significant in protecting systemic arterial pressure

90
Q

JGA stimulates release of

A

Renin

91
Q

Renin

A

Enzyme produced by kidney

More released when kidney senses drop in arterial pressure at level of kidney

92
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

Protein in blood that comes from liver

93
Q

What does renin do

A

Acts upon angiotensinogen and produces angiotensin I

94
Q

Angiotensin I

A

Has no physiological effects

95
Q

What does angiotensin I do?

A

Converted to angiotensin II in lungs by converting enzyme

96
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Most potent vasoconstrictor in body, also stimulates retention of sodium in kidney

97
Q

What happens to angiotensin II

A

Converted to angiotensin III by enzyme in blood plasma

98
Q

Angiotensin III

A

Same effects as angiotensin II, but better at release of aldosterone

99
Q

What does angiotensin III do

A

Releases aldosterone

100
Q

Converting enzyme inhibitors

A

Drug class to block converting enzyme for hypertension patients

101
Q

Hypertensive patients have..

A

Faulty JGA

Physiology (17 decks)

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