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Physiology > Physiology Quiz 3 (1/2) > Flashcards

Physiology Quiz 3 (1/2) Flashcards

0
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory Pre/post synaptic Neuron

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1
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory Pre/post synaptic neuron

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2
Q

What do IPSPs do?

A

Hyperpolarizes the membrane of the synapse

  • stops/slows action potential
  • more action potentials/sec = more hyperpolarization
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3
Q

What do EPSPs do?

A

Moves membrane closer to threshold without accommodation.

-speeds up synaptic transmission

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4
Q

Dale’s Law

A

One nerve cell makes only one neurotransmitter and utilizes only one neurotransmitter

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5
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

A

AKA GABA

Common inhibitory neurotransmitter

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6
Q

What determines excitatory vs inhibitory properties

A

Depends on the combination of neurotransmitter and receptor

-eg. Norepinephrine- inhibitory on certain receptors and excitatory on others

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7
Q

How is nerve-nerve transmission different from nerve-muscle transmission?

A
  • multitude of neurotransmitters used in nerve-nerve

- can have inhibition at synapse in nerve-nerve

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8
Q

What does the brain perceive more action potentials as?

A

More pain

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9
Q

What does the brain perceive less action potentials as?

A

Less pain

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10
Q

What must IPSPs and EPSPs do in order to have influence on the nerve fiber or cell?

A

Their small electrical changes must sum

-they sum algebraically

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11
Q

How do IPSPs and EPSPs travel?

A

Electrotonic conduction

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12
Q

How would you define integration in a neuromuscular system or a neural system?

A

Process by which a decision is made for what to do (if anything) based upon all the input coming into the nerve cell
-all IPSPs and EPSPs sum and how this changes the nerve membrane will determine whether or not an action potential is fired

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13
Q

General functions that muscles perform

A 
Angular motion (flexion/extension)
Linear motion (abdominal contraction for trunk stabilization)
Pressure or volume changes (cardiac muscles)
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14
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of a muscle

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15
Q

Z-protein

A

Composes “z-line” and holds actin filaments in place

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16
Q

Myofibrils

A

Components of a muscle cell

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17
Q

I-band

A

Straddles 2 sarcomeres and includes the region of the sarcomeres where there are only actin filaments

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18
Q

A-band

A

Region in the middle of the sarcomere

  • encompasses entire length of the myosin filaments
  • includes the region of overlap of actin and myosin filaments
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19
Q

H-zone

A

Middle of the sarcomere

Only area where there are only myosin filaments

20
Q

M-line

A

Line of structural proteins (m-proteins) that hold myosin filaments in place

21
Q

“Thick” filaments of the sarcomere

A

Myosin

22
Q

“Thin” filaments of the sarcomere

A

Actin

23
Q

Crossbridges

A

Present on the myosin filaments

-attach to actin filaments during contraction

24
Q

G-actin

A

Globular proteins that make up actin filaments

25
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Blocks actin from myosin crossbridges when muscle is relaxed

Calcium sensitive

26
Q

Troponin

A

Determines the location of the tropomyosin on the actin filament

27
Q

What is the purpose of the hinges on the myosin crossbridges?

A

Allow the crossbridges to move and attach to the actin during muscle contraction, or to detach from actin during relaxation

28
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Surrounds the myofibrils
Contains fluid almost identical to ECF
Supplies calcium to ICF during muscle contraction

29
Q

What happens to calcium conductance as an action potential travels over a cell membrane?

A

Increases

-allowing movement of calcium into cell from outside

30
Q

Where else does calcium conductance increase when an action potential travels over muscle cell aside from membrane?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

-allows flow from inside SR to interior of muscle cell

31
Q

What does calcium do once inside muscle cell?

A

Attaches to troponin
-troponin moves tropomyosin off the actin and into the “groove”
-allows myosin crossbridges to attach to actin
Muscle contracts

32
Q

Wen is calcium pumped out of the cell?

A

When action potentials stop traveling across membrane

-muscle relaxes

33
Q

LMM

A

Light meromyosin

Horizontal part of actin chain that makes up crossbridges

34
Q

HMM

A

Heavy meromyosin
(Makes up chain that angles outward to attach to actin)
Has 2 subunits (S1 and S2)
-S2 head is part that attaches to actin

35
Q

What happens in a cramp

A

Not due to activation of motor neuron

Ionic imbalance causes an action potential which opens up calcium channels and starts crossbridge cycle

36
Q

ADPs role in crossbridge cycle

A

(Phase 2) when ADP is attached to S2 head, it has very high affinity to actin
-ADP releases after phase 2

37
Q

What happens to crossbridge cycle if ATP not present

A

S2 head will not release from actin (stuck at phase 3)
Muscle stays contracted
Rigor mortis

38
Q

What happens after S2 head attaches to actin?

A

S2 head shifts actin toward sarcomere

Muscle shortening

39
Q

Role of ATP during crossbridge cycle

A

Aids in resetting of S2 head by giving it low affinity for actin

40
Q

Are crossbridges synchronous?

A

No. They are asynchronous . There will be crossbridges in all phases at any given moment during contraction

41
Q

A+M

A

Actin and myosin are in close proximity to each other, but are not attached

42
Q

M.ADP.Pi

A

Myosin is attached to ATP and inorganic phosphate

43
Q

A+M.ADP.Pi

A

Muscle is relaxed

44
Q

What happens to ATP after it attaches to the S2 head?

A

It is broken down, producing ADP and inorganic phosphate

45
Q

What is the energy produced by ATP hydrolysis used for?

A

Re-cocking the S2 head for more cycling

46
Q

What is the source of muscle tone?

A

Low level of spontaneous activity of cross bridges

47
Q

Intracellular pool

A

Pool where calcium flows from the SR to ICF

48
Q

Extracellular pool

A

Pool where calcium flows from ECF to ICF

Physiology (17 decks)

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