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Physiology > Physiology Quiz 5 (1/2) (Autonomic Nervous System) > Flashcards

Physiology Quiz 5 (1/2) (Autonomic Nervous System) Flashcards

0
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system?

A

Efferent outflow controlled by higher centers in the CNS as well as by spinal reflexes

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1
Q

The autonomic nervous system is a subsection of what system?

A

CNS

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2
Q

Every one of the efferent pathways of the ANS is comprised of what two neurons?

A

Preganglionic

Postganglionic

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3
Q

Thoracolumbar outflow

A

Sympathetic division of of efferent outflow from spinal cord

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4
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are (long/short)

A

Short

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5
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are (long/short)

A

Long

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6
Q

Craniosacral outflow

A

Parasympathetic division of efferent pathways from spinal cord

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7
Q

Where do preganglionic fibers originate in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Brain

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8
Q

The preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system are (short/long)

A

Long

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9
Q

The postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system are (short/long)

A

Short

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10
Q

In the sympathetic system, how many postganglionic fibers are innervated by a single preganglionic fiber?

A

11-15

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11
Q

In the parasympathetic system, how many postganglionics are innervated by a single preganglionic?

A

1-3

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12
Q

Divergence

A

The way a single sympathetic preganglionic fiber innervates 11-15 postganglionic fibers

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13
Q

Point to point control

A

The way a single parasympathetic preganglionic fiber innervates 1-3 postganglionics; lack of divergence

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14
Q

What is the neurotransmitter at the preganglionic to post ganglionic synapse in both divisions of the ANS

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

What is the receptor type at the preganglionic to postganglionic post synaptic membrane in both divisions of the ANS

A

Nicotinic cholinergic

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16
Q

Neurotransmitter at the postganglionic to end organ synapse in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

Receptor on the postganglionic post synaptic membrane to end organ in parasympathetic

A

Muscarinic cholinergic

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18
Q

Neurotransmitter at the postganglionic to end organ synapse in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

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19
Q

Catecholamines

A 
Class of compounds produced from tyrosine
Eg:
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
dopamine
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20
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Type of post synaptic receptors for sympathetic system

21
Q

General classes of adrenergic receptors

A

Beta (beta 1and beta 2)

Alpha (alpha 1 and alpha 2)

22
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors found

A

Surface of cardiac cells and JGA in kidney

23
Q

Beta 1 receptors are (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

Excitatory

24
Q

What happens when beta 1 receptors are stimulated?

A

Increase heart rate
Increase inotropic state
…therefore increases demand for oxygen

25
Q

Inotropic state

A

Contractile force of muscle

26
Q

Are beta 1 receptors innervated?

A

Yes

27
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors found?

A

Everywhere beta 1 receptors are not found

28
Q

Beta 2 receptors are (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

Usually inhibitory

29
Q

Are beta 2 receptors innervated?

A

They may or may not be innervated

30
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Inability of system to supply enough oxygen to cardiac tissue

31
Q

Effects of cocaine

A

Increases heart rate
Increases inotropic state
Increases catecholamines
Therefore: increases oxygen demand, can cause myocardial infarction

32
Q

Where are alpha 1 receptors found?

A

Everywhere

33
Q

Alpha 1 receptors are (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

Usually excitatory

34
Q

Where are alpha 2 receptors found?

A

Only on the presynaptic membrane of the sympathetic postganglionic fibers

35
Q

Alpha 2 receptors are (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

Inhibitory

36
Q

At all synapses in the parasympathetic system, what is activity terminated by?

A

Activity of cholinesterases and acetylcholinesterases

37
Q

JGA

A

Stands for juxtaglomerular apparatus
Found in kidney
Chain of reactions with this results in increased blood pressure

38
Q

What do alpha 2 receptors do?

A

Inhibits release of norepinephrine (does not completely shut down) at presynaptic membrane to prevent overstimulation of synapse

39
Q

COMT

A

Enzyme that breaks down catecholamines

40
Q

Where is COMT found?

A

Postsynaptic sympathetic membrane and in extracellular fluid

41
Q

Two things that can happen to norepinephrine as it diffuses across the sympathetic synapse

A

COMT
or
Attach to receptor on postsynaptic membrane

42
Q

Three things that can happen to norepinephrine after it releases from receptor

A

Attach to another receptor
Encounter COMT
undergo active transport into nerve terminal

43
Q

What can happen to norepinephrine that is actively transported back into the cell?

A
  1. Can be repackaged and used again

2. Encounter MAO

44
Q

MAO

A

Monoamine oxidase

Chemically alters catecholamines so they are no longer active (breaks down)

45
Q

What does cocaine do at the synapse

A

Inhibits active reuptake of norepinephrine at synaptic nerve terminals; increases stimulation at synapse

46
Q

Clinical use of cocaine

A

In ophthalmology to dilate pupils

47
Q

Norepinephrine effect on CNS

A

Elevates mood

48
Q

MAO inhibitors

A 
Drug class of depression meds
Increases norepinephrine in brain
49
Q

How pain activates sympathetic response

A

Pain fibers converge with sympathetic fibers in spinal cord

50
Q

Spastic bladder

A

The stretch receptors in bladder wall advise higher centers of need to urinate. When there is damage to spinal cord, you lose this ability and you lose the ability to relax urinary sphincter. “Holding it” can cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, nausea, sweating, headache due to this pathway stimulating sympathetic nervous system. This is an emergency situation

51
Q

Intermediolateral column

A

Little bulge off of dorsal horn where nerve cell bodies for sympathetic preganglionic are found (T1-L3)
Where pain fibers stimulate sympathetic system

Physiology (17 decks)

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