Physiology of the Female Reproductive Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

menarche

A

the very first menstrual flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

menses

A

regular monthly flow int he reproductive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

perimenopausal (what happens, begins/lasts)

A

a woman at the near end of her menstrual years

cycles become irregular, begins around late 40’s, last about ten years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

menopause

A

when the menstrual cycle ceases altogether (1 year without period)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

female menstrual cycle hormones (6)

A

GnRH
FSH
LH
estrogen
progesterone
relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

difference between GnRF and GnRH

A

none they are the same thing just different names

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GnRH produced by

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the ______ is the control center for the menstrual cycle

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

GnRH stimulates the ______ to produce its hormones

A

anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

anterior pituitary releases

A

FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

FSH and LH are produced by the _____ of the ____

A

beta cells
anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

FSH and LH are known as

A

gonadotropins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

FSH and LH stimulate the

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

FSH stimulates

A

the growth of follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

many follicles will be stimulated by ____, but only one will ____ producing an ____ with each cycle

A

FSH
mature
egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

LH stimulates (in respect to follicles)

A

follicles but to a lesser extend to FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the surge of ___ is responsible for ovulation

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

LH supports the growth of the ______ but does not _____

A

corpus luteum
maintain it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in pregnancy, ____ maintains the corpus luteum

A

hCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

dominant follicle after ovulation is referred to as the _____

A

corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ovarian steroids (3)

A

estrogen
progesterone
relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

estrogen is secreted by the _____

A

granulosa cells lining the follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

estrogen peak secretion occurs ______

A

just before ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

estrogen must hit a threshold in order for ____

A

LH to surge

25
Q

estrogen is the cause for _______, and is also responsible for _____

A

proliferation of the endometrium
female secondary sex characteristics (breast, hips, hair)

26
Q

progesterone is secreted by the

A

corpus luteum

27
Q

peak concentration of progesterone is reached _____

A

about 7 days after ovulation

28
Q

progesterone function (2)

A

induces secretory activity and hypertrophy of the endometrium
inhibits the secretion of LH

29
Q

relaxin function (3)

A

relaxes pubic symphysis during fetal delivery
helps dilate the cervix to promote sperm mobility
also dilates the cervix in labour during fetal delivery

30
Q

days of the cycle (28 days)

A

1-5 menstruation
6-14 proliferative (follicular phase for ovary which starts day 1)
day 14 ovulation
day 14-28 secretory (luteal phase for ovary)

31
Q

Hypothalamus releases ______, which stimulates _____ to release ____ and _____. _____ stimulates the _____ to release ____ and ____, and ______ stimulates the ____ to release ____

A

GnRH
anterior pituitary
FSH
LH
FSH
ovaries
estrogen
progesteron
LH
ovaries
relaxin

32
Q

Day 1 bleeding phase:
_____ hormones are low causing ____ to produce ______. This causes the _____ to produce _____. A _____ by day 13 and is accompanied by an increase in ______

A

ovarian
hypothalamus
GnRH
anterior pituitary
FSH and LH
graffian follicle matures
estrogen

33
Q

what occurs during day one to 13 of the cycle

A

ovarian hormones low = hypothalamus releases GnRH -> stimulates ant pituitary = releases FSH/LH

Graffian follicle matures by day 13 = increase in estrogen

34
Q

day 14 ovulation:
____ hits a threshold which causes ____ to surge causing ovulation. The ______ bursts and becomes the ______. _______ increase/_____ decreases a little

A

estrogen
LH
graffian follicle
corpus luteum
progesterone
estrogen

35
Q

what occurs during day one to 14 of the cycle

A

estrogen hits threshold = LH surge = ovulation
graffian follicle becomes corpus luteum
progesterone increases/estrogen decreases a little

36
Q

if fertilization does not occur after ovulation what happens

A

corpus luteum regresses = progesterone decreases
withdrawal of hormones = menstruation begins

37
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

pain at ovulation

38
Q

two symptoms during luteal (secretory) phase

A

fluid retention
weight gain

39
Q

what is a symptom of ovulation (not mittelschmerz)

A

slight raise in body temp due to progesterone

40
Q

proliferative phase endometrium on US

A

hypoechoic halo
hyperechoic out edge of endo
hypoechoic endo
hyperechoic endometrial canal

41
Q

the proliferative phase endometrium is describe as having a ____ appearance

A

trilaminar

42
Q

secretory phase endometrium on US

A

hypoechoic halo
hyperechoic endo

43
Q

menstrual phase endometrium on US

A

very thin
may see some blood in canal

44
Q

if you see blood in endometrial canal how do you measure the endometrium

A

measure each wall and add them together not including the fluid

45
Q

______ phase: spiral aterioles undergo lengthening via _____ (so fast they coil)

A

proliferative
mitosis

46
Q

after ovulation and with _____ influence, the endometrium becomes ______ (swollen with an excessive accumulation of fluid)

A

progesterone
edematous

47
Q

without fertilization, the corpus luteum _____ and estrogen/progesterone ______. Endometrium shrinks = _______ = ____ of the tissue and its shed

A

degenerates
decrease
circulation cut off
necrosis

48
Q

in early pregnancy, the endometrium thickens further due to the continued increase in ______ produced by the _____

A

progesterone
corpus luteum

49
Q

in early pregnancy, the high levels of _____ and _____ supress the _____. Further menstrual cycles are stopped

A

estrogen
progesterone
hypothalamus

50
Q

endometrium cycles before/after ovulation
vs
ovarian cycles before/after ovulation

A

endo: proliferative -> ovulation -> secretory
ovary: follicular -> luteal

51
Q

when the ovum with its layers, the ______ and _____, protrudes from the wall of the follicle into the follicular fluid, it is termed the _____. It is a sign that ___

A

corona radiata
zona pellucida
cumulus oophorus
ovulation is about to occur

52
Q

when does a corpus albicans form

A

when the corpus luteum degenerates
white scar forms

53
Q

when does a corpus fibrosum occur

A

when a follicle does not rupture (didn’t mature)
no corpus luteum
liquid reabsorbed, follicle regresses, scar forms

54
Q

proliferative phase looks like what on US

A

trilaminar appearance

55
Q

secretory phase looks like what on US

A

really thick

56
Q

the hormone that triggers ovulation

A

LH

57
Q

a functional cyst on the ovary after ovulation has occurred is called the

A

corpus luteum

58
Q

where is estrogen produced

A

from the granulosa cells lining the follicle