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Obstetrics and Gynecology > First Trimester Normal > Flashcards

First Trimester Normal Flashcards

1
Q

pregnancy is dated from the ___ day of the _____

A

first
LMP

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2
Q

____ weeks completed gestation
_____ days
_____ trimesters

A

40
280
3

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3
Q

1st trimester:
2nd:
3rd:

A

0-12 6/7
13-27 6/7
28-40

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4
Q

called an embryo from conception up to _____

A

10 completed weeks of LMP

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5
Q

after 10 weeks LMP the emrbyo is called a ___

A

fetus

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6
Q

CRL

A

crown rump length

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7
Q

how do you confirm viability

A

fetal heart beat with M-mode

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8
Q

DNA (what, constituent of, contains)

A

a double-stranded nucleic acid that is a constituent of chromosomes
contains hereditary info coded in specific sequences

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9
Q

chromosome

A

a threadlike nucleoprotein structure within the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA

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10
Q

gene

A

the arrangement of DNA is a chromosome
hereditary unit that carries hereditary traits for self reproducing

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11
Q

a double-stranded nucleic acid that is a constituent of chromosomes
contains hereditary info coded in specific sequences

A

DNA

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12
Q

a threadlike nucleoprotein structure within the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA

A

chromosome

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13
Q

the arrangement of DNA is a chromosome
hereditary unit that carries hereditary traits for self reproducing

A

gene

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14
Q

karyotype

A

chromosome set of an individual
described by the number and structure of chromosomes
a representation of chromosomes set in a diagram

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15
Q

diploid

A

paired chromosomes
organism with 46 chromosomes = 23 pairs

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16
Q

haploid

A

a single set of unpaired chromosomes (23)
a cell with 46 chromosomes divides into 2 new cells each with 23 chromosomes

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17
Q

a cell with 46 chromosomes divides into 2 new cells each with 23 chromosomes in a process called

A

meiosis

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18
Q

gametogenesis

A

the process of formation and development of specialized generative cells or gametes

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19
Q

sperm and ovum are highly specialized ___ cells

A

sex

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20
Q

sperm maturation is called

A

spermatogenesis

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21
Q

ovum maturation is called

A

oogenesis

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22
Q

mitosis

A

process of nuclear division where cellular material is equally divided between both daughter cells – forming new cells

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23
Q

all cells are formed through ___, except gamete cells which are formed through ____

A

mitosis
meiosis

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24
Q

meiosis

A

the process that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes to half (haploid)

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25
Q

ovulation occurs at day ___ in a typical cycle

A

14

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26
Q

what must happen for ovulation to occur

A

LH surge

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27
Q

where does ovum usually get fertilized

A

ampullar portion of the fallopian tube

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28
Q

ovum lives for _____ hours if unfertilized

A

12-24

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29
Q

how many sperm are deposited on or near the cervix during intercourse
vs
how many reach the ovum

A

200-500 million
300-500

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30
Q

how long to sperm survive for

A

usually 24 hours (but can be up to 72)

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31
Q

what is a normal count of sperm per ml

A

100 million sperm/ml

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32
Q

how many sperm per ml is considered to be sterile

A

≤20 million/ml

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33
Q

process of fertilization normally takes place ____ after ovulation

A

12-24 hours

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34
Q

____ autosome(s) from each sperm/egg, ___ chromosome(s) from each sperm/egg

A

22
1

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35
Q

in fertilization, the sperm passes through the _____

A

zona pellucida

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36
Q

what is the purpose of the zona pellucida

A

ensure only one sperm can enter
helps with implantation

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37
Q

what is the purpose of the corona radiata

A

surrounding ovum and providing nutrients

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38
Q

sperm head enlarges to become the ____

A

male pronucleus

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39
Q

the ovum completes its _____ divsion at this time (when sperm head enlarges) to become the _____

A

second meiotic
female pronucleus

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40
Q

both pronuclei fuse and the ______ intermingle to form a single _____ cell, or ____

A

chromosomes
diploid
zygote

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41
Q

the chromosomes of the zygote arrange in preparation for the _______. the two daughter cells are called _____

A

1st cleavage division
blastomeres

42
Q

rapid cell division without a change in the size of the original zygote is called ___

A

cleavage

43
Q

16 blastomeres = ____

A

morula

44
Q

zygote is the _____, and it is also known as

A

union of sperm and ovum
conceptus

45
Q

morula is a _____

A

cluster of cells that remain the same size but the cells become smaller and smaller with each divison

46
Q

when does morula become blastocyst

A

secretions cross the zona pellucid enter the morula forming a fluid cavity

47
Q

fertilization stages
1. =
2. =
3. = (hours too)
4. = (hours too)
5. = (days too)
6. = (days too)
7. = (days too)
8. = (days too)

A
  1. ovulation
  2. fertilization
  3. zygote (24 hours)
  4. two cell stage (30 hours)
  5. four cell stage (day 2)
  6. blastocyst (day 4-5)
  7. enters uterus
  8. implantation of blastocyst (day 7)
48
Q

the blastocyst enters the uterus _____ days after fertilization

A

6-7

49
Q

implantation is complete by ____ days post ovulation or ____ days post fertilization

A

11-12
9-10

50
Q

2 parts of a blastocyst

A

trophoblast (outer cell)
embryoblast (inner cell mass)

51
Q

trophoblast becomes
embryoblast becomes

A

placenta and chorion
embryo, yolk sac, and amnion

52
Q

once the ______ disappears, the blastocysts implants in the uterus

A

zona pellucida

53
Q

after ovulation, progesterone causes _____ or ____ of the endometrium, allowing implantation

A

differentiation
decidualization

54
Q

the implantation window begins ____ days after ovulation and lasts about ____ days

A

6-8
4

55
Q

without fertilization, _____ and ____ drop and ____ occurs

A

estrogen
progesterone
menstruation

56
Q

with fertilization, _____ maintains the endometrium, endometrium remains _____

A

progesterone
decidualized

57
Q

trophoblast differentiates into what 2 layers

A

syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast

58
Q

syncytiotrophoblast produces

A

hCG

59
Q

syncytiotrophoblast invasively ____ the endometrial stroma, and blastocyst sinks into the endometrium. Eroded spaces are called _____, and those become the _____ of the placenta

A

erodes
lacunae
intervillous spaces

60
Q

cytotrophoblast produces

A

finger-like projections that extend into the forming lacunar network

61
Q

what are the finger-like projections produced by the cytotrophoblast called

A

primary chorionic villi

62
Q

chorion frondosum
vs
smooth chorion/chorion Laeve

A

villi directly at the implantation site (early placenta)
vs
all the remaining villi around the gestational sac (chorionic membrane)

63
Q

the decidua cells of the endometrium increase in size and content for implantation due to which hormone

A

progesterone

64
Q

_______ cells of the embryo produce hCG regardless of the location of implantation of pregnancy thus supporting the _____ on the ovary

A

trophoblastic
corpus luteum

65
Q

the endometrium will undergo a decidual reaction with an ectopic pregnancy resulting in what we call a ______

A

pseudo sac

66
Q

if a pregnancy occurs in a bicornuate uterus this decidua reaction will occur in the _________ making it look like _____

A

non pregnant horn
twin pregnancy

67
Q

decidua basalis (what/becomes)

A

the part of the decidua underlying the conceptus
eventually becomes the maternal side of the placenta

68
Q

decidua capsularis

A

the part that covers the gestation sac

69
Q

decidua parietalis (vera)

A

all remaining decidua

70
Q

the opposing layers of the decidua _____ and ____ can be identified on early US. Used to rule out pseudogestational sac

A

parietalis
capsularis

71
Q

the decidua ___ and ____ fuse

A

vera
capsularis

72
Q

small spaces occur between the ______ and the ______. By day ___ from conception these spaces from the amniotic cavity

A

inner cells mass
trophoblast
9

73
Q

the blastocyst cavity is called the _______ when the amniotic cavity is formed

A

primitive yolk sac

74
Q

double bleb sign (what/seen on ___ at what time)

A

two blebs represent early amnion and yolk sac

seen on EV at around 5 1/2 weeks

75
Q

the inner cell mass becomes the _______ (embryonic disc) at ____ weeks LMP

A

bilaminar
4

76
Q

2 layers of bilaminar (embryonic) disc and what they form

A

epiblast: gives rise to nearly all cells of embryo
hypoblast: contributes to the formation of primitive ectoderm

77
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of the 3 layers of the trilaminar disc (5 weeks)

78
Q

3 layers of trilaminar disc names and what they form in the order of differentiation

A

endoderm: inner; linings of GI/resp tract
ectoderm: outer; forms CNS and stuff like hair, nails , skin, teeth
mesoderm: middle; generally forms muscle and bone

79
Q

neurulation begins at ____ conception or ____ LMP

A

week 3
week 5

80
Q

neurulation is the formation of hat three things

A

neural plate
neural folds
neural tube

81
Q

neural tube closes around day ____ LMP

A

40

82
Q

neural tube starts to close in the _____ and then progresses to the ____

A

middle
ends (caudal/cephalic)

83
Q

zygote
blastocyst
embryo
fetus

A

fertilized ovum
when fluid enters the zygote at morula stage
inner cell mass differentiates
after 10 weeks completed LMP when embryogenesis is complete

84
Q

allantois

A

diverticulum (pouch) of yolk sac
forms umbilical vessels and part of urinary bladder formation

85
Q

physiological midgut herniation (occurs when, what happens, should measure under)

A

at 7 weeks and returns back by 12 weeks
gut herniates then rotates back
measure under 7mm

86
Q

the GS grows ____/day
the embryo grows ____/day up to ___ weeks

A

1.1mm
1-2mm
8

87
Q

yolk sac - _____ is the upper limit of normal before 10 weeks

A

6mm

88
Q

6w0d= _____ MSD (mean sac diameter)
7w0d= _____ MSD
8w0d= _____ MSD

A

1.5cm
2cm
3cm

89
Q

6 week CRL =
7 week CRL =

A

3-4mm
12-14mm

90
Q

qualitative can detect at ____ LMP

A

4 weeks (urine)

91
Q

quantitative can detect _____ LMP

A

23 days (blood - b hCG)

92
Q

a b hCG test plateaus at ___

A

8 weeks

93
Q

FIRP
SIS
TIS

and compare numbers to FIRP

A

1st international reference preparation
2nd international standard (1/2 of FIRP)
3rd international standard (same as FIRP)

94
Q

discriminatory zone

A

is a range of serum b hCG concentrations which a GS can be visualized on US

95
Q

b hCG of 100 mIU/ml SIS (2000 FIRP) = see a small GS by EV = ____ weeks LMP

A

4

96
Q

b hCG of 1800 mIU/ml SIS (2600 FIRP) = see a ______ GS transabdominally = ____ weeks

A

5-10mm
5-6

97
Q

fetal heart motion should be detected if CRL is ______ or greater by EV

A

7mm

98
Q

b hCG doubles every ____ until ____ weeks gestation

A

2 days
8

99
Q

a condition where a woman feels pregnant and isnt

A

pseudocyesis

100
Q

if 12-14 weeks do a CRL and a ____

A

BPD

Obstetrics and Gynecology (7 decks)

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