2nd and 3rd Trimester: Fetal Environment and Placenta

Question 1

by ___ weeks gestation, ___ components of the placenta are recognizable

Answer 1

12
2

Question 2

2 components of placenta seen by 12 weeks

Answer 2

fetal: chorion frondrosum
maternal: decidua basalis

Question 3

what are the chorion frondrosum and decidua basalis held together by

Answer 3

anchoring or stem villi at the cytotrophoblastic shell

Question 4

syncytiotrophoblast cells create the large ______ in the decidua basalis (known as ____)

Answer 4

intervillous spaces
lacunae

Question 5

the remaining projections of decidua basalis are called ______. They divide the placenta into compartments

Answer 5

placental septa

Question 6

each compartment of the placenta is a called a

Answer 6

cotyledon

Question 7

what is the functional unit of the placenta

Answer 7

cotyledon

Question 8

each cotyledon consists of several ____

Answer 8

stem villi

Question 9

how many cotyledon in a placenta

Answer 9

about 20

Question 10

the placental membrane separates. the fetal blood in the capillaries of the _____ from the maternal blood in the ____

Answer 10

chorionic villi
intervillous spaces

Question 11

the maternal blood enters the intervillous spaces via the -_____

Answer 11

spiral arterioles

Question 12

spiral arterioles shoot blood around the chorionic villi

Answer 12

maternal circulation

Question 13

from umbilical arteries to chorionic villi back to umbilical vein

Answer 13

fetal circulation

Question 14

6 functions of the placenta

Answer 14

respiration
nutrition
excretion
protection
storage
hormonal production

Question 15

placenta synthesizes what 3 things for nutrition

Answer 15

glycogen
cholesterol
fatty acids

Question 16

placenta excretes (3)

Answer 16

urea
uric acid
bilirubin

Question 17

the placenta protects the fetus by

Answer 17

transferring maternal antibodies to the fetus and regulating temp

Question 18

placenta stores

Answer 18

several immunosuppressants to prevent maternal immunosuppressants from attacking the placenta

Question 19

3 hormones the placenta produces

Answer 19

hCG
hCS
hCT

Question 20

hCG

Answer 20

human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 21

hCS

Answer 21

human chorionic samtomammotropin

Question 22

hCT

Answer 22

human chorionic thyrotropin

Question 23

oxygen in the maternal blood diffuses across the placental membrane into the fetal blood by ____ (CO2 does same in other direction)

Answer 23

simple diffusion

Question 24

the ____ acts as the lungs of the fetus

Answer 24

placenta

Question 25

waste products cross the placental membrane from fetal blood to enter maternal blood and are excreted by ___

Answer 25

the mothers kidneys

Question 26

T/F most microorganism do not cross the placental membrane

Answer 26

T

Question 27

the placenta does not protect from (4)

Answer 27

drugs poisons carbon monoxide certain viruses (ex. rubella)

Question 28

what are teratogens

Answer 28

agents that can pass the placental membrane and cause congenital malformations

Question 29

4 nutrients stored in the placenta until needed

Answer 29

carbs proteins calcium iron

Question 30

3 major hormones produced by syncytiotrophoblast (not HCT, HCS)

Answer 30

HCG estrogens progesterones

Question 31

the texture of placenta is apparent as early as ___

Answer 31

10-12 weeks

Question 32

granular pattern of placenta is made by the echoes from the ____

Answer 32

villi

Question 33

basic texture of the placenta does not change with GA except for the _____

Answer 33

deposition of calcium

Question 34

placental calcifications are present in ___% of placentas after ___ weeks

Answer 34

>50 33

Question 35

amount of calcification is increased in patients with (3)

Answer 35

IUGR hypertension smoking

Question 36

can the function of the placenta be assessed by looking at it

Answer 36

no (IDK DOUBLE CHECK)

Question 37

grade 0 placenta

Answer 37

homogenous, chorionic plate smooth

Question 38

grade I placenta

Answer 38

scattered echogenic areas, subtle undulations of chorionic plate

Question 39

grade II placenta

Answer 39

indentations, linear echogenic areas

Question 40

grade III placenta

Answer 40

indentations to basal layer, cystic areas, shadowing calcifications (after 36 weeks)

Question 41

thickness of placenta

Answer 41

1.5-4cm

Question 42

placenta grows ___ a week in thickness

Answer 42

1mm

Question 43

abnormal placenta

Answer 43

>4cm thick

Question 44

placentamegaly

Answer 44

>4cm thick

Question 45

thin placenta

Answer 45

<1.5cm

Question 46

2 reasons for small placenta

Answer 46

vascular deficiencies/infarction pre-eclampsia (increased BP)

Question 47

thin placenta may cause (2)

Answer 47

IUGR small baby

Question 48

umbilical cord develops from the ___ and ____

Answer 48

connecting stalk yolk sac

Question 49

umbilical cord has ___ artery (ies) and ___ vein (s)

Answer 49

2 one

Question 50

vessels in umbilical cod surrounded by

Answer 50

Wharton's jelly

Question 51

umbilical cord covered with

Answer 51

amnion

Question 52

umbilical cord is _____ long

Answer 52

50-100-cm

Question 53

cord should be in ___ of placenta

Answer 53

center

Question 54

umbilical vein travels ___ to ____ in the fetus

Answer 54

cephalad portal sinus

Question 55

umbilical arteries travel ___ to become the _____ around the fetal ____

Answer 55

caudaud hypogastric arteries bladder

Question 56

is 2 vessel cord common

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

2 vessel cord can be associated with (2)

Answer 57

cardiac/renal abnormalities chromosome abnormalities

Question 58

cord cyst is ____ remnant and ___(is/isnt)___ significant

Answer 58

allantoic isnt

Question 59

omphalocele

Answer 59

condition in which a baby's abdominal organs develop outside their belly

Question 60

hematoma has a high risk of perinatal death T/F

Answer 60

T

Question 61

umbilical vein thrombosis has a high risk of perinatal death T/F

Answer 61

T

Question 62

umbilical vein varix

Answer 62

intra-abdominal focal enlargement of the umbilical vein