Physiology of Hearing and Balance

Question 1

what frequencies do human receive?

Answer 1

20Hz-20,000Hz

Question 2

state the healthy hearing range of a heathy 20 year old male

Answer 2

0-20Hz

Question 3

state the congenital deformity where the pinna (external ear) is underdeveloped

Answer 3

microtia

Question 4

state the TM:OW ratio

Answer 4

18-21:1

Question 5

state the pressure gain due to TM:OW ratio

Answer 5

x22

Question 6

state the ratio of malleus handle to incus long process

Answer 6

1.3:1

Question 7

state the theoretical mechanical gain of the ratio of malleus handle to incus long process

Answer 7

34dB

actually nearer 20-25dB

Question 8

name the structure tat acts as a ventilation pathway for middle ear mucous

Answer 8

eustachian tube

Question 9

the resting state of cartilaginous tube of eustachian tube is closed but opened by what 2 muscles?

Answer 9

tensor veli palatini & levator palatine muscles

Question 10

dysfunction of the Eustachian tube leads to ________ pressure

Answer 10

dysfunction of the Eustachian tube leads to NEGATIVE pressure

Question 11

name the 2 openings to the cochlea to the middle ear

Answer 11

oval window

round window

Question 12

what permits transmission of pressure wave in enclosed canal and vibration of the basilar membrane?

Answer 12

the oval and round windows

Question 13

name the curved spiral part of the cochlea

Answer 13

lamina

Question 14

there are 2 1/2 turns around the central ________ in the cochlea

Answer 14

there are 2 1/2 turns around the central MODIOLUS in the cochlea

Question 15

scala vestibuli/tympani goes into the round/oval window

scala vestibuli/tympani goes into the round/oval window

Answer 15

scala vestibuli goes into the round window

scala tympani goes into the oval window

Question 16

name the fluid between the membraneous labyrinth of the ear and the bone which encloses it

Answer 16

perilymph

Question 17

scala media (____lymph) suspended in between scala tympani & scala vestibuli (____lymph)

Answer 17

scala media (ENDOlymph) suspended in between scala tympani & scala vestibuli (PERIlymph)

Question 18

name the receptor organ for hearing that is located in the cochlea

Answer 18

organ of corti

Question 19

name the important part of the brain involved in hearing:

Left/Right Anterior/Posterior Superior/Inferior temporal gyrus

Answer 19

Left Posterior Superior temporal gyrus

Question 20

name the mnemonic for learning the central pathway in hearing

Answer 20

E COLI

Eighth cranial nerve

Cochlear nucleus
Olivary muscle
Lateral lemniscus
Inferior colliculus

Question 21

state the inter week ago of a foetus in which it can:

(a) hear
(b) respond to sound/voice

Answer 21

(a) hear - 18 WEEKS

(b) respond to sound/voice - 26 WEEKS

Question 22

one in how many infants have bilateral severe/profound hearing loss, many more will have milder losses?

Answer 22

1:1000

Question 23

profound hearing loss in newborns is identified by newborn hearing _________

Answer 23

profound hearing loss in newborns is identified by newborn hearing SCREENING

Question 24

cochlear implants are inserted into the scala _______

Answer 24

cochlear implants are inserted into the scala tympani

Question 25

state the age of the child: (a) cooing, recognizes mother’s voice (b) babbling, turns to sound or eyes toward sound, makes happy & sad sounds (c) may make simple noises, mama / dada. Follows instructions, turns to sound

Answer 25

(a) cooing, recognizes mother’s voice - 3 MONTHS (b) babbling, turns to sound or eyes toward sound, makes happy & sad sounds - 6 MONTHS (c) may make simple noises, mama / dada. Follows instructions, turns to sound - 12 MONTHS

Question 26

name the part of the ear: (a) sound collector (b) mechanical force amplifier (c) sound transducer/analyser

Answer 26

(a) sound collector - OUTER (b) mechanical force amplifier - MIDDLE (c) sound transducer/analyser - INNER

Question 27

wave passes through the _______ maximally stimulating a particular area of the _______ membrane. The organ of _____ here _____polarises and fires – stimulating the ____th nerve and then the _______ pathways

Answer 27

wave passes through the COCHLEA maximally stimulating a particular area of the BASILAR membrane. The organ of CORTI here DEpolarises and fires – stimulating the VIIIth nerve and then the CENTRAL pathways

Question 28

there is a culminating in activity in ________ ________ gyrus

Answer 28

there is a culminating in activity in SUPERIOR TEMPORAL gyrus

Question 29

in balance, the input is ___________ whereas the output is _______________

Answer 29

in balance, the input is VESTIBULAR whereas the output is VESTIBULOSPINAL

Question 30

superior/inferior vestibular nerve: (a) innervation to lateral and anterior SCC and utricle (b) innervation to posterior SCC and saccule

Answer 30

(a) innervation to lateral and anterior SCC and utricle - SUPERIOR VESTIBULAR NERVE (b) innervation to posterior SCC and saccule - INFERIOR VESTIBULAR NERVE

Question 31

name the longest hair of the middle ear

Answer 31

kinocilium

Question 32

state what would if the hairs (a) deviate from the longest hair (b) go toward the longest hair

Answer 32

(a) deviate from the longest hair - DECREASES FIRING RATE - HYPERPOLARISES (b) go toward the longest hair - INCREASES FIRING RATE - HYPOPOLARISES

Question 33

the semi-circular canals are positioned __ degrees to each other

Answer 33

the semi-circular canals are positioned 90 degrees to each other - paired, equal and opposite

Question 34

the cupula sits in the _______ of a SCC

Answer 34

the cupula sits in the AMPULLA of a SCC

Question 35

name the 2 otolith organs

Answer 35

urticle and saccule