Pathology Flashcards
what is the auditory meatus and external canal are lined by?
epidermis (skin)
what glands secrete earwax?
ceruminous
the ______ ear is lined with columnar lined mucosa
the MIDDLE ear is lined with columnar lined mucosa
what is the nasal vestibule lines with?
squamous epithelium
what is the nose, sinus etc lined with?
respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
the throat is made of 2 types of epithelium depending on site - name them
respiratory epithelium and squamous epithelium
name the 2 components that make up a salivary gland
acinar and ductular
define otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
otitis media is usually viral/bacterial
otitis media is usually VIRAL
cholesteatoma is not a ______ and doesn’t contain ___________
cholesteatoma is not a TUMOUR and doesn’t contain CHOLESTEROL
cholesteatoma is common/rare
cholesteatoma is COMMON
cholesteatoma pathogenesis:
chronic ______ _____ and perforated _______ _______
cholesteatoma pathogenesis:
chronic OTITIS MEDIA and perforated TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
cholesteatoma pathology:
normal lining of middle ear is ________ or columnar glandular epithelium
in cholesteatoma there is abnormally situated ________ epithelium. High cell turnover and abundant _______ production with associated ____________
cholesteatoma pathology:
normal lining of middle ear is CUBOIDAL or columnar glandular epithelium
in cholesteatoma there is abnormally situated SQUAMOUS epithelium. High cell turnover and abundant KERATIN production with associated INFLAMMATION
vestibular schwannoma is associated with the vestibular portion of what nerve?
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
95% of vestibular schwannomas are sporadic and uni/bilateral
95% of vestibular schwannomas are sporadic and UNILATERAL
for vestibular schwannoma, if a young patient with bilateral was admitted, what diagnosis should you consider?
neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2
neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2 is autosomal dominant/recessive
neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2 is autosomal DOMINANT
what are the signs and symptoms of neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2?
neurofibromas bilateral vestibular schwannoma multiple meningiomas gliomas café au lait cataracts
what is rhinitis and sinusitis are other names for what?
the common cold
is nasal polys common in children?
no - common in adults
what diagnosis should you consider in a child with nasal polyps?
cystic fibrosis
what are the aetiologies of nasal polyps?
allergy infection asthma aspirin nickel
what is the other name for granulomatosis with polyangitis?
Wegner’s granulomatosis
what is Wegner’s granulomatosis defined as?
autoimmune
unknown aetiology
small vessel vasculitis and necrosis
respiratory and kidneys
is Wegner’s rare?
yes
what age group does Wegner’s affect?
> 40 years old
Wegner’s presents with pulmonary and _____ disease or nasal symptoms of __________, septal perforation etc
Wegner’s presents with pulmonary and RENAL disease or nasal symptoms of CONGESTION, septal perforation etc
name the high frequency neutrophil antibody level that is positive in GPA
cANCA positive - GPA
pANCA positive - microscopic polyangiitis
tumours of the ear are rare/common
tumours of the ear are RARE
name the benign lesion of the nose
squamous papilloma
schneiderian papilloma
angiofibromas
name the most common malignant lesion of the nose
squamous cell carcinoma
inverted, exophytic and oncocytic are 3 different types of what lesion of the nose?
schneiderian papilloma
schneiderian papilloma is seen in over _0’s and is more common in males/females
schneiderian papilloma is seen in over 50’s and is more common in MALES
what causes schneiderian papilloma?
HPV
smoking
solvents
welding
what is the symptom of schneiderian papilloma?
blocked nose
the inverted and oncocytic types are found on the lateral/medial wall and the paranasal sinus and the __________ type is found on the nasal septum
the inverted and oncocytic types are found on the LATERAL wall and the paranasal sinus and the EXOPHYTIC type is found on the nasal septum
there is a strong association with ________ ____ virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
there is a strong association with EPSTEIN BARR virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Epstein-Barr virus infects epithelial cells of the ____pharynx and _-cells
Epstein-Barr virus infects epithelial cells of the OROpharynx and B-cells
EPV is seen in association with Burkitt’s ________, other _-cell lymphomas and __________ lymphoma
EPV is seen in association with Burkitt’s LYMPHOMA, other B-cell lymphomas and HODGKIN’S lymphoma
laryngeal polyps is reactive change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to _____ _____, infection and smoking
laryngeal polyps is reactive change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to VOCAL ABUSE, infection and smoking
nodules are usually seen in young/old women/men and are uni/bilateral on middle _/3 to posterior _/3 on vocal ____
polyps are uni/bilateral and ____________
nodules are usually seen in YOUNG WOMEN and are BILATERAL on middle 1/3 to posterior 1/3 on vocal CORD
polyps are UNILATERAL and PEDUNCULATED
a contact _____ is a benign response to ______ seen on the ant/posterior vocal cord due to chronic throat clearing, vocal _____, ____ and intubation
a contact ULCER is a benign response to INJURY seen on the POSTERIOR vocal cord due to chronic throat clearing, vocal ABUSE, GORD and intubation
squamous papilloma/papillomatosis has 2 peaks of incidence at what age groups?
<5 years and 20-40
squamous papilloma/papillomatosis is related to what types of HPV?
types 6 and 11
squamous papilloma/papillomatosis is more aggressive in children/adults
squamous papilloma/papillomatosis is more aggressive in CHILDREN
tumours arrising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the body are known as what?
paraganglioma
paragangliomas can be subdivided into 2 - name them
chromaffin positive and non-chromaffin
chromaffin positive or non-chromaffin:
sympathetic nervous system and can secrete catecholamines. Usually adrenal medulla or paravertebral – organ of Zuckerkandl
chromaffin positive
chromaffin positive or non-chromaffin:
carotid bodies, aortic bodies, jugulotympanic ganglia, ganglia nodosum of vagus and clusters around oral cavity, nose, nasopharynx, larynx and orbit.
non-chromaffin
paragangliomas are common/rare and seen in over 50s/70s
paragangliomas are RARE and seen in over 50s
what type of cell carcinoma is common in the head and neck - nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and oral cavity?
squamous cell carcinoma
name the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
smoking and alcohol
tumours of the head and neck, mainly the oropharynx can be related to what virus?
HPV
vast majority of SCC relate to infection with HPV type __
vast majority of SCC relate to infection with HPV type 16
name the staging score for SCC
TNM
grade the SCC:
(a) one vocal cord
(b) both vocal cords
(a) one vocal cord - T1a
(b) both vocal cords - T1b
name the 3 major salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
minor salivary glands too
what is sialolithiasis?
stones in the salivary glands
what is paramyxovirus?
infection of the salivary glands
what salivary gland is most common for tumours?
parotid gland
common tumour of the parotid gland in females of 4th-6th decade with long history
difficult to excise and recurrent
risk of malignant transformation
diagnosis?
pleomorphic adenoma
second most common benign tumour
usually males over 50
rare outwith the parotid
strong association with smoking
often bilateral and multicentric
diagnosis?
Warthin’s tumour
mucoepidermoid carcinoma normally occur in what gland?
parotid gland
mucoepidermoid carcinoma:
there is a >__% 5 year survival in low grade
there is a
mucoepidermoid carcinoma:
there is a >90% 5 year survival in low grade
there is a <60% 5 year survival in high grade
wide age range and range of sites
usually over 40 and parotid but most common malignant tumour of the palate
35% 5 year survival
frequent perineural invasion – assoc pain or loss of function
diagnosis?
adenoid cystic
