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Otorhinolaryngology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the auditory meatus and external canal are lined by?

A

epidermis (skin)

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2
Q

what glands secrete earwax?

A

ceruminous

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3
Q

the ______ ear is lined with columnar lined mucosa

A

the MIDDLE ear is lined with columnar lined mucosa

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4
Q

what is the nasal vestibule lines with?

A

squamous epithelium

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5
Q

what is the nose, sinus etc lined with?

A

respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

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6
Q

the throat is made of 2 types of epithelium depending on site - name them

A

respiratory epithelium and squamous epithelium

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7
Q

name the 2 components that make up a salivary gland

A

acinar and ductular

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8
Q

define otitis media

A

inflammation of the middle ear

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9
Q

otitis media is usually viral/bacterial

A

otitis media is usually VIRAL

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10
Q

cholesteatoma is not a ______ and doesn’t contain ___________

A

cholesteatoma is not a TUMOUR and doesn’t contain CHOLESTEROL

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11
Q

cholesteatoma is common/rare

A

cholesteatoma is COMMON

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12
Q

cholesteatoma pathogenesis:

chronic ______ _____ and perforated _______ _______

A

cholesteatoma pathogenesis:

chronic OTITIS MEDIA and perforated TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

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13
Q

cholesteatoma pathology:

normal lining of middle ear is ________ or columnar glandular epithelium

in cholesteatoma there is abnormally situated ________ epithelium. High cell turnover and abundant _______ production with associated ____________

A

cholesteatoma pathology:

normal lining of middle ear is CUBOIDAL or columnar glandular epithelium

in cholesteatoma there is abnormally situated SQUAMOUS epithelium. High cell turnover and abundant KERATIN production with associated INFLAMMATION

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14
Q

vestibular schwannoma is associated with the vestibular portion of what nerve?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

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15
Q

95% of vestibular schwannomas are sporadic and uni/bilateral

A

95% of vestibular schwannomas are sporadic and UNILATERAL

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16
Q

for vestibular schwannoma, if a young patient with bilateral was admitted, what diagnosis should you consider?

A

neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2

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17
Q

neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2 is autosomal dominant/recessive

A

neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2 is autosomal DOMINANT

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18
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2?

A 
neurofibromas
bilateral vestibular schwannoma
multiple meningiomas
gliomas
café au lait
cataracts
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19
Q

what is rhinitis and sinusitis are other names for what?

A

the common cold

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20
Q

is nasal polys common in children?

A

no - common in adults

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21
Q

what diagnosis should you consider in a child with nasal polyps?

A

cystic fibrosis

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22
Q

what are the aetiologies of nasal polyps?

A 
allergy
infection
asthma
aspirin
nickel
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23
Q

what is the other name for granulomatosis with polyangitis?

A

Wegner’s granulomatosis

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24
Q

what is Wegner’s granulomatosis defined as?

A

autoimmune
unknown aetiology
small vessel vasculitis and necrosis
respiratory and kidneys

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25
Q

is Wegner’s rare?

A

yes

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26
Q

what age group does Wegner’s affect?

A

> 40 years old

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27
Q

Wegner’s presents with pulmonary and _____ disease or nasal symptoms of __________, septal perforation etc

A

Wegner’s presents with pulmonary and RENAL disease or nasal symptoms of CONGESTION, septal perforation etc

28
Q

name the high frequency neutrophil antibody level that is positive in GPA

A

cANCA positive - GPA

pANCA positive - microscopic polyangiitis

29
Q

tumours of the ear are rare/common

A

tumours of the ear are RARE

30
Q

name the benign lesion of the nose

A

squamous papilloma
schneiderian papilloma
angiofibromas

31
Q

name the most common malignant lesion of the nose

A

squamous cell carcinoma

32
Q

inverted, exophytic and oncocytic are 3 different types of what lesion of the nose?

A

schneiderian papilloma

33
Q

schneiderian papilloma is seen in over _0’s and is more common in males/females

A

schneiderian papilloma is seen in over 50’s and is more common in MALES

34
Q

what causes schneiderian papilloma?

A

HPV
smoking
solvents
welding

35
Q

what is the symptom of schneiderian papilloma?

A

blocked nose

36
Q

the inverted and oncocytic types are found on the lateral/medial wall and the paranasal sinus and the __________ type is found on the nasal septum

A

the inverted and oncocytic types are found on the LATERAL wall and the paranasal sinus and the EXOPHYTIC type is found on the nasal septum

37
Q

there is a strong association with ________ ____ virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

there is a strong association with EPSTEIN BARR virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

38
Q

Epstein-Barr virus infects epithelial cells of the ____pharynx and _-cells

A

Epstein-Barr virus infects epithelial cells of the OROpharynx and B-cells

39
Q

EPV is seen in association with Burkitt’s ________, other _-cell lymphomas and __________ lymphoma

A

EPV is seen in association with Burkitt’s LYMPHOMA, other B-cell lymphomas and HODGKIN’S lymphoma

40
Q

laryngeal polyps is reactive change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to _____ _____, infection and smoking

A

laryngeal polyps is reactive change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to VOCAL ABUSE, infection and smoking

41
Q

nodules are usually seen in young/old women/men and are uni/bilateral on middle _/3 to posterior _/3 on vocal ____

polyps are uni/bilateral and ____________

A

nodules are usually seen in YOUNG WOMEN and are BILATERAL on middle 1/3 to posterior 1/3 on vocal CORD

polyps are UNILATERAL and PEDUNCULATED

42
Q

a contact _____ is a benign response to ______ seen on the ant/posterior vocal cord due to chronic throat clearing, vocal _____, ____ and intubation

A

a contact ULCER is a benign response to INJURY seen on the POSTERIOR vocal cord due to chronic throat clearing, vocal ABUSE, GORD and intubation

43
Q

squamous papilloma/papillomatosis has 2 peaks of incidence at what age groups?

A

<5 years and 20-40

44
Q

squamous papilloma/papillomatosis is related to what types of HPV?

A

types 6 and 11

45
Q

squamous papilloma/papillomatosis is more aggressive in children/adults

A

squamous papilloma/papillomatosis is more aggressive in CHILDREN

46
Q

tumours arrising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the body are known as what?

A

paraganglioma

47
Q

paragangliomas can be subdivided into 2 - name them

A

chromaffin positive and non-chromaffin

48
Q

chromaffin positive or non-chromaffin:

sympathetic nervous system and can secrete catecholamines. Usually adrenal medulla or paravertebral – organ of Zuckerkandl

A

chromaffin positive

49
Q

chromaffin positive or non-chromaffin:

carotid bodies, aortic bodies, jugulotympanic ganglia, ganglia nodosum of vagus and clusters around oral cavity, nose, nasopharynx, larynx and orbit.

A

non-chromaffin

50
Q

paragangliomas are common/rare and seen in over 50s/70s

A

paragangliomas are RARE and seen in over 50s

51
Q

what type of cell carcinoma is common in the head and neck - nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and oral cavity?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

52
Q

name the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

A

smoking and alcohol

53
Q

tumours of the head and neck, mainly the oropharynx can be related to what virus?

A

HPV

54
Q

vast majority of SCC relate to infection with HPV type __

A

vast majority of SCC relate to infection with HPV type 16

55
Q

name the staging score for SCC

A

TNM

56
Q

grade the SCC:

(a) one vocal cord
(b) both vocal cords

A

(a) one vocal cord - T1a

(b) both vocal cords - T1b

57
Q

name the 3 major salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

minor salivary glands too

58
Q

what is sialolithiasis?

A

stones in the salivary glands

59
Q

what is paramyxovirus?

A

infection of the salivary glands

60
Q

what salivary gland is most common for tumours?

A

parotid gland

61
Q

common tumour of the parotid gland in females of 4th-6th decade with long history

difficult to excise and recurrent

risk of malignant transformation

diagnosis?

A

pleomorphic adenoma

62
Q

second most common benign tumour

usually males over 50

rare outwith the parotid

strong association with smoking

often bilateral and multicentric

diagnosis?

A

Warthin’s tumour

63
Q

mucoepidermoid carcinoma normally occur in what gland?

A

parotid gland

64
Q

mucoepidermoid carcinoma:

there is a >__% 5 year survival in low grade

there is a

A

mucoepidermoid carcinoma:

there is a >90% 5 year survival in low grade

there is a <60% 5 year survival in high grade

65
Q

wide age range and range of sites

usually over 40 and parotid but most common malignant tumour of the palate

35% 5 year survival

frequent perineural invasion – assoc pain or loss of function

diagnosis?

A

adenoid cystic

Otorhinolaryngology (17 decks)

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