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Otorhinolaryngology > Anatomy - Palate & Pharynx > Flashcards

Anatomy - Palate & Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

what is located between the lips and teeth?

A

oral vestibule

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2
Q

what is the boundary between the nasal cavity and the nasopharyngeal called?

A

choana

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3
Q

what attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?

A

frenulum

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4
Q

what is the bump on the frenulum called?

A

sublingual caruncle - opening for submandibular glands

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5
Q

what does the sublingual fold secrete?

A

sticky saliva

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6
Q

name the 2 muscles of the floor the mouth - ‘muscular diaphragm’

A

geniohyoid and mylohyoid

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7
Q

what is the innervation of the following muscles:

(a) geniohyoid
(b) mylohyoid

A

(a) geniohyoid - C1 via hypoglossal nerve

(b) mylohyoid - CN V3

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8
Q

name the 3 bilateral pairs of major glands of the head

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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9
Q

what the role of the minor glands of the head?

A

keep mouth moist

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10
Q

where does the parotid duct secrete its contents into the mouth?

A

upper 2nd molar

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11
Q

where does the submandibular duct secrete its contents into the mouth?

A

lingual caruncle

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12
Q

where does the sublingual duct secrete its contents into the mouth?

A

several ducts superiorly

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13
Q

name the innervation of the following salivary glands:

(a) sublingual
(b) submandibular
(c) parotid

A

(a) sublingual - CN VII
(b) submandibular - CN VII (para)

both via chorda tympani

(c) parotid - CN IX that synapses at otic ganglion

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14
Q

name the 4 types of papillae on the tongue from posterior to anterior

A
  1. foliate
  2. vallate
  3. fungiform
  4. filiform
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15
Q

which of the 4 papillae do NOT contain taste buds?

A

filiform - touch and temperature

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16
Q

what is the innervation of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CN IX

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17
Q

what is innervation of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue:

general sensory -
taste -

A

what is innervation of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue:

general sensory - CN V3
taste - VII

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18
Q

where does the thyroid originate and where does it descend through?

A

originates - pharynx

descends through - foramen caecum

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19
Q

name the 4 extrinsic muscle of the tongue

A

palatoglossus
styloglossus
genioglossus
hypoglossus

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20
Q

state the function of the following muscles:

(a) 4 extrinsic muscles of tongue
(b) 4 pairs of intrinsic muscles of tongue

A

(a) 4 extrinsic muscles of tongue - change positions tongue

(b) 4 pairs of intrinsic muscles of tongue - modify shape of the tongue

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21
Q

where does CN XII connect with the brain?

A

medulla oblongata

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22
Q

where does CN XII leave the base of the skull?

A

hypoglossal canal (ant. wall of foramen magnum)

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23
Q

what does CN XII descend down?

A

neck, lateral to carotid sheath and leaves at hyoid bone level

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24
Q

how do you test CN XII?

A

point tongue straight out

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25
Q

in a unilateral damage of CN XII, where will the tongue point?

A

TOWARDS the side of injured nerve

26
Q

in regards to the tongue:

arteries pass ______ to the hypoglossus

______ pass lateral to the hypoglossus

A

arteries pass MEDIAL to the hypoglossus

NERVES pass lateral to the hypoglossus

27
Q

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) passes anteriorly through the neck _______ to the “loop” of the lingual artery

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) passes anteriorly through the neck LATERAL to the “loop” of the lingual artery

28
Q

there is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium of the ____ palate

and

____________ stratified squamous epithelium of the hard palate

A

there is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium of the SOFT palate

and

KERATINISED stratified squamous epithelium of the hard palate

29
Q

name the 4 bones of the lateral wall of the right nasal cavity from anterior to posterior

A

palatine process of maxilla

palatine bone

medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone

pterygoid hamulus

30
Q

name the 5 muscles of the soft palate

A 
tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
musculus uvulae
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
31
Q

the 5 muscles of the soft palate are _________ in nature

A

the 5 muscles of the soft palate are SKELETAL in nature

32
Q

name the innervation of the skeletal muscles of he soft palate

A 
tensor veli palatini - V3
levator veli palatini - CN X
musculus uvulae - CN X
palatoglossus - CN X
palatopharyngeus - CN X
33
Q

state the muscle of the soft palate that…

(a) shortens the uvula
(b) brings tongue and soft palate together
(c) lifts palatine aponeurosis
(d) tenses palatine aponeurosis
(e) lifts pharynx and thyroid cartilage

A

a) shortens the uvula - MUSCULUS UVULAE
(b) brings tongue and soft palate together - PALATOGLOSSUS
(c) lifts palatine aponeurosis - LEVATOR VELI PALATINI
(d) tenses palatine aponeurosis - TENSOR VELI PALATINI
(e) lifts pharynx and thyroid cartilage - PALATOPHARNGEUS

34
Q

the soft palate functions as what?

A

trapdoor

35
Q

what nerve are you testing when you ask the patient to say ‘aahh’?

A

CN X

36
Q

what should happen to the uvula when testing CN X if the nerves are functioning normally?

A

uvula should lift straight up in the MIDLINE

37
Q

if there is nerve damage to CN X, the uvula will be pulled ____ from the non functioning side

A

if there is nerve damage to CN X, the uvula will be pulled AWAY from the non functioning side

38
Q

the muscles of the pharynx can be broken into 2 layers - name them

A

outer circular layer

inner longitudinal layer

39
Q

name the 3 muscles of the outer circular layer of the pharynx

A
  1. superior pharyngeal constrictor
  2. middle pharyngeal constrictor
  3. inferior pharyngeal constrictor
40
Q

name the 3 paired muscles of the inner longitudinal layer of the pharynx

A

stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

41
Q

name the innvervation of the muscles of the pharynx

hint: all bar one

A

all CN X apart from stylopharyngeus - IX

42
Q

name the posterior attachment of the following muscles of the pharynx:

  1. superior constrictor
  2. middle constrictor
  3. inferior constrictor
A
  1. superior constrictor:

pterygoid hamulus
pterygomandibular raphe
mylohyoid line

  1. middle constrictor:

greater horn of hyoid

  1. inferior constrictor:

thyroid and cricoid cartilage

43
Q

what is the gaps between the outer circular muscles of the pharynx called and what nerve, artery and muscle passed through it?

A

‘gateway to the mouth’

CN IX
lingual artery
stylopharyngeus

44
Q

the outer circular muscles of the pharynx are innervated by CN __ via the __________ plexus and all the muscles inset onto the midline _____

A

the outer circular muscles of the pharynx are innervated by CN X via the PHARYNGEAL plexus and all the muscles inset onto the midline RAPHE

45
Q

name the only muscle of the pharynx that is supplied by CN IX

A

stylopharyngeus

46
Q

all inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert onto the posterior border of the ________ _________ - there function is to _______ the pharynx and larynx

A

all inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert onto the posterior border of the THYROID CARTILAGE - there function is to ELEVATE the pharynx and larynx

47
Q

name the pharyngeal features of the nasopharynx:

(a) choanae
(b) torus _________
(c) ___________ recess
(d) salpingopharyngeal ____
(e) opening for ____________ tube

A

(a) choanae
(b) torus TUBARIUS
(c) PHARYNGEAL recess
(d) salpingopharyngeal FOLD
(e) opening for EUSTACHIAN tube

48
Q

name the pharyngeal features of the oropharynx:

(a) palatine ______
(b) palatoglossal ____
(c) palatopharyngeal ____
(d) lingual ______

A

(a) palatine TONSIL
(b) palatoglossal ARCH
(c) palatopharyngeal ARCH
(d) lingual TONSIL

49
Q

name the pharyngeal features of the laryngopharynx:

a) laryngeal _______ (inlet
(b) piriform _____ (recess)

A

(a) laryngeal ADITIUS (inlet)

b) piriform FOSSA (recess

50
Q

name the tonsillar ring that is used as defence against invading pathogens

A

waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

within the mucosa of the nasopharynx and oropharynx

51
Q

_________ nodes are the group of lymph nodes that first receive the lymph that has drained from a given structure

A

REGIONAL nodes are the group of lymph nodes that first receive the lymph that has drained from a given structure

52
Q

name the nodes anterior to the external ear

A

retropharyngeal nodes in the retropharyngeal space

53
Q

name the node that drains the palatine tonsil

A

jugulo-digastric

54
Q

name the nodes in the carotid sheath

A

deep cervical nodes

55
Q

name the nodes that lymph from the tip of the tongue drain to

A

submental nodes

56
Q

name the nodes in the neck posterior to the mental process of the mandible

A

submental nodes

57
Q

lymph nodes that are swollen, not painful, hard, irregular and fixed suggest what?

A

cancer

58
Q

lymph nodes that are swollen, painful, soft, smooth, not fixed suggest what?

A

infection

improve with antibiotics

59
Q

name the nodes that are palpated in an examination

A 
submental
submandibular
parotid
mastoid
occipital
deep cervical
superficial cervical nodes
60
Q

who’s gonna learn all this shit and forget it the day after the exam?

A

me:)

Otorhinolaryngology (17 decks)

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