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Otorhinolaryngology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

name the virus responsible for the cold sore virus

A

herpes simplex virus

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2
Q

name the types of HSV

A

type 1 and type 2

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3
Q

which HSV type is acquired in childhood and the cause of oral lesion?

A

type 1

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4
Q

name the disease of pre-school children, causing systemic upset affecting the lips, buccal mucosa, hard palate with vesicles 1-2mm and ulcers due to HSV1

A

primary gingivostomatitis

fever, local lymphadenopathy

may take up to 3 weeks to recover

spread beyond mouth

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5
Q

primary gingivostomatitis treatment?

A

aciclovir

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6
Q

what nerve does primary gingivostomatitis hide?

A

trimeginal

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7
Q

aciclovir does not prevent ________

A

aciclovir does not prevent LATENCY

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8
Q

recurrent HSV tends to be on the ____ and not ______ of the ______

A

recurrent HSV tends to be on the LIPS and not INSIDE of the MOUTH

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9
Q

name the type of patient that would get recurrent oral herpetic lesions

A

those who are immunocompromised

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10
Q

name the lab confirmation of HSV

A

swab of lesion in virus transport medium

detection of viral DNA by PCR

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11
Q

what causes herpangina?

A

coxsackie viruses

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12
Q

herpangina diagnosis?

A

vesicles/ulcers on soft palate

diagnosis clinically or by PCR test of swab in viral transport medium

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13
Q

what virus causes hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

coxsackie viruses

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14
Q

what is seen in primary syphilis?

A

chancre

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15
Q

what is a chancre?

A

PAINLESS indurated ulcer at site of entry of bacterium Treponema pallidum

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16
Q

if a chancre is left undiagnosed and untreated, it can progress to what?

A

secondary and tertiary syphilis

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17
Q

non viral
self limiting

recurring painful ulcers of the mouth that are round or ovoid and have inflammatory halos

confined to mouth, absence of systemic disease, begin in childhood, tend to abate in 3rd decade, each ulcer lasts less than 3 weeks

diagnosis?

A

apthous ulcer

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18
Q

name the disease that causes recurrent non-viral ulcers:

Recurrent oral ulcers
Genital ulcers
Uveitis. 
It can also involve visceral organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and neurological systems
Commonest in Middle East and Asia
A

Behçet’s disease

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19
Q

what is the condition that causes inflammation of the part of the throat behind the soft palate (oropharynx)

A

acute pharyngitis

pain at the back of the mouth

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20
Q

inflammation of the tonsils is known as what?

A

tonsilitis

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21
Q

what is the most common cause of a sore throat?

A

viral cause

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22
Q

if sore throat and lethargy persist into the second week, especially if the person is 15-25years of age, what should be suspected?

A

infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

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23
Q

what causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)?

A

Ebstein Barr Virus

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24
Q

name some non infectious causes of a sore throat

A

GORD, cigarette smoke irritation, alcohol, hay fever

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25
Q

name the condition that causes a sore throat that is a medical emergency

A

stridor

26
Q

what self care advice should be given to those with a sore throat?

A

regular analgesia like paracetamol or ibuprofen

medicated lozenges

27
Q

the vast majority of (over 2 thirds) are _____ and therefore do not need antibiotics

A

the vast majority of (over 2 thirds) are VIRAL and therefore do not need antibiotics

28
Q

state the most common cause of bacterial sore throat

A

streptococcus pyogenes

29
Q

group A streptococcus and group A beta haemolytic strep and GAS are other names for what?

A

streptococcus pyogenes

30
Q

what is the treatment for streptococcus pyogenes causing bacterial sore throat?

A

penicillin

31
Q

name the 2 rare late complications of streptococcus pyogenes

A

rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

32
Q

what criteria is used for GAS

A

CENTOR criteria or Fever PAIN criteria

33
Q

what makes up the CENTOR criteria

A

tonsillar exudate

ƒtender anterior cervical lymph nodes

ƒhistory of fever (>38)

ƒabsence of cough

1 point for each/4

34
Q

name the drug that causes neutopenia

A

carbimazole

35
Q

severe sore throat with a grey white membrane across the pharynx

the organism produces a potent exotoxin which is cardiotoxic and neurotoxic

vaccine preventable

diagnosis?

A

diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

36
Q

diptheria treatment?

A

antitoxin
supportive
penicilin/erythromycin

37
Q

Fever
Enlarged lymph nodes
Sore throat, pharyngitis, tonsillitis
Malaise, lethargy

diagnosis?

A

infectious mononucleosis

38
Q

jaundice/hepatitis, rash, leucocytosis (lymphocytosis), presence of atypical lymphocytes in blood film, splenomegaly, palatal petechiae – rash on palate, lots of lymphocytes – atypical lymphocytes

the above are all other signs and symptoms of what?

A

infectious mononucleosis

39
Q

name some complications of infectious mononucleosis

A 
anaemia
thrombocytopenia
splenic rupture
upper airway obstruction
increased risk of lymphoma if immunosuppressed
40
Q

there is usually ___ phases of primary infection with EBV

A

there is usually TWO phases of primary infection with EBV

41
Q

do you give steroids for a virus?

A

no!

42
Q

infectious mononucleosis treatment?

A

bed rest
paracetamol
avoid sport

43
Q

what is the laboratory confirmation of EBV?

A

EPV IgM

heterophile antibody - paul-bunnell test, monospot test

blood count and film

liver function tests

44
Q

white patches on red, raw mucous membranes in throat/ mouth caused by candida albicanas

diagnosis?

A

candida

45
Q

what causes candida?

A

endogenous - post antibiotics, immunosuppressed, smokers, inhaled steroids

46
Q

candida treatment?

A

nystatin or fluconazole

47
Q

an upper respiratory infection involving the middle ear by extension of infection up the Eustachian tube in infants and children presenting with earache

diagnosis?

A

acute otitis media

48
Q

infections of the middle ear is often ______ with _________ secondary infection

A

infections of the middle ear is often VIRAL with BACTERIAL secondary infection

49
Q

name the 3 common bacteria of middle ear infections

A

haemophilus influenza
streptococcus pneumonias
streptococcus pyogenes

50
Q

swab pus of infections of the middle ear if the ________ ___________

A

swab pus of infections of the middle ear if the EARDRUM PERFORATES

51
Q

__% of infections of the middle ear resolve in _ days without treatment

1st line -
2nd line -

A

80% of infections of the middle ear resolve in 4 days without treatment

1st line - amoxicillin
2nd line - erythromycin

52
Q

pain and headache, more severe than clinical signs would suggest

granulation tissue at bone–cartilage junction of ear canal; exposed bone in the ear canal. Facial nerve palsy (drooping face on the side of the lesion)

diagnosis?

A

malignant otitis

seen in diabetics

53
Q

inflammation of the outer ear canal is known as what?

A

otitis externa

54
Q

redness and swelling of the skin of the ear canal

it may be itchy (especially in the early stages)

can become sore and painful

there may be a discharge, or increased amounts of ear wax

if the canal becomes blocked by swelling or secretions, hearing can be affected

diagnosis?

A

otitis externa

55
Q

name 3 bacterial causes of otitis externa

A

staphylococcus aureus
proteus spp
pseudomonas aeruginosa

56
Q

name 2 fungal causes of otitis externa

A

aspergillus niger

candida albicans

57
Q

otitis externa management?

A

topical aural toilet

swab reserved for unresponsive/severe cases

treat depending on culture results - topical clotrimazole for aspergillum niger also get gentamicin 0.3% drops

58
Q

mild discomfort over frontal or maxillary sinuses due to congestion

seen in patients with upper respiratory viral infections

severe pain and tenderness with purulent nasal discharge indicates secondary bacterial infection

diagnosis?

A

acute sinusitis

59
Q

acute sinusitis treatment?

1st line -
2nd line -

A

acute sinusitis treatment?

1st line - phenoxymethylpenicillin
2nd line - doxycycline

60
Q

who should you not give doxycycline to?

A

children - affects bone and teeth growth

Otorhinolaryngology (17 decks)

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