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MODULE 8 - Neurology > PHYSIOLOGY - Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY - Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuroendocrine system?

A

Interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system

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2
Q

What are the two main anatomical components of the neuroendocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

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3
Q

What are the three functions of the hypothalamus within the neuroendocrine system?

A
  1. Exerts autonomic nervous system control on hormone release by the adrenal medulla
  2. Produces and releases regulatory and inhibitory hormones
  3. Produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
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4
Q

How is the hypothalamus a heterogeneous organ?

A

The hypothalamus is a heterogenous organ as it is made up of many different nuclei (clusters of neuronal cell bodies)

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5
Q

Which type of neurones produce oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

Magnocellular neurones

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6
Q

In which nucleus in the hypothalamus is oxytocin produced?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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7
Q

In which nucleus in the hypothalamus is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

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8
Q

Which five regulatory/inhibitory hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)
Dopamine
Somatostatin

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9
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

Depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland

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10
Q

What are the two structural components of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

What is the embryological origin of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Ectoderm

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12
Q

What is the embryological origin of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neuroectoderm

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13
Q

What is the section of tissue residing between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

A

Pars intermedia

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14
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the pars intermedia?

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

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15
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Production and release of tropic hormones and direct action hormones

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16
Q

What is the difference between tropic hormones and direct acting hormones?

A

Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to facilitate the realise of another hormone whereas direct acting hormones act directly on the target organ

17
Q

What regulates the release of tropic and direct acting hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus releases regulatory and inhibitory hormones into the hypophyseal portal system which transports these hormones to the anterior pituitary gland where they will regulate the release of tropic and direct acting hormones

18
Q

What are the two main types of chromophil secretary cells found in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Acidophils
Basophils

19
Q

What are the two subdivisions of acidophils?

A

Somatotrophs
Mammotrophs

20
Q

Which hormone is produced by somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone

21
Q

Which hormone is produced by mammotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Prolactin

22
Q

What are the three subdivisions of basophils?

A

Gonadotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Corticotrophs

23
Q

Which hormones are produced by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH)
Leutinising hormone (LH)

24
Q

Which hormone is produced by thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

25
Q

Which hormone is produced by corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

26
Q

What are chromophobes?

A

Chromophils which have released their hormones

27
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Storage and release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that has been produced by the hypothalamus

28
Q

What is the main histological component of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Non-myelinated axons

29
Q

What are the supporting cells within the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Pituicytes

30
Q

What are herring bodies?

A

Herring bodies are dilated axon terminals in the posterior pituitary gland that store and release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

31
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

32
Q

What are the two main cell types seen in the pineal gland?

A

Pinealocytes
Astrocytes

33
Q

What is pineal sand?

A

Concentric layers of calcium and magnesium phosphate seen in ageing pineal glands

34
Q

Describe the histological appearance of the thyroid gland

A

The thyroid gland has a fibrous outer capsule from which fine septa extend to seperate the thyroid gland into lobules. These lobules contain thyroid follicles filled with colloid (thyroid hormone precursor) and surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal epithelium

MODULE 8 - Neurology (27 decks)

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