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MODULE 8 - Neurology > FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY - Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY - Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the twelve cranial nerves?

A

I Olfactory nerve
II Optic nerve
III Oculomotor nerve
IV Trochlear nerve
V Trigeminal nerve
VI Abducens nerve
VII Facial nerve
VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX Glossopharyngeal nerve
X Vagus nerve
XI Accessory nerve
XII Hypoglossal nerve

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2
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)?

A

Olfaction

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3
Q

What are three clinical signs of cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve) dysfunction?

A

Hyposmia (partial loss of smell)
Anosmia (complete loss of smell)
Inappetence

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4
Q

What can be done to test the function of cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)?

A

Test the animal’s response to aromatic substances while they are blindfolded

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5
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve II (optic nerve)?

A

Vision

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6
Q

What are the functions of cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)?

A

Motor innervation of the ipsilateral dorsal rectus, medial rectus, ventral rectus and ventral oblique extraocular muscles and parasympathetic innervation of the iris (for miosis)

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7
Q

What are two clinical signs of cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve) dysfunction?

A

Ventrolateral strabismus of the ipsilateral eye
Absent pupillary light reflex (mydriasis)

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8
Q

What can be done to test the function of cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)?

A

Observe the eye position
Test pupillary light reflex (PLR)

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9
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve)?

A

Motor innervation of the contralateral dorsal oblique extraocular muscle

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10
Q

What is the clinical sign of cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve) dysfunction?

A

Dorsolateral strabismus of contralateral eye

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11
Q

What can be done to test the function of cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve)?

A

Observe the position of the eye

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12
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic branch
Maxillary branch
Mandibular branch

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13
Q

What are the functions of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)?

A

Sensory innervation of the face
Motor innervation of the masticatory muscles

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14
Q

What are the two clinical signs of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) dysfunction?

A

Absent facial sensation
Masticatory muscle atrophy

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15
Q

What can be done to test the function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)?

A

Observe and palpate the masticatory muscles for atrophy
Corneal reflex
Palpebral reflex

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16
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve)?

A

Motor innervation of the ipsilater lateral rectus and retractor bulbi extraocular muscles

17
Q

What are the three clinical signs of cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve) dysfunction?

A

Medial strabismus of the ipsilateral eye
Inability to retract the eyeball
Absent vestibulo-ocular reflex

Inability to retract eyeball = absent corneal reflex

18
Q

What can be done to test the function of cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve)?

A

Observe the position of the eye
Corneal reflex
Test vestibulo-ocular reflex

19
Q

What are the functions of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)?

A

Sensory innervation to the tongue and ear pinna
Motor innervation of the facial muscles
Parasympathetic innervation of the nasal glands, lacrimal glands and mandibular and sublingual salivary glands

20
Q

What are the three clinical signs of acute cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) dysfunction?

A

Ipsilateral ear and lip drooping
Absence of blinking
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

21
Q

What is Keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

A

‘Dry eye’

22
Q

What is the clinical sign of chronic cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) dysfunction?

A

Retracted lip

23
Q

What can be done to test the function of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)?

A

Palpebral reflex
Menace response
Lip pinch
Schirmers tear test

24
Q

What are the two branches of cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)?

A

Cochlear branch
Vestibular branch

25
Q

What are the functions of cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)?

A

Hearing
Balance

26
Q

What are the two clinical signs of cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) dysfunction?

A

Deafness
Vestibular symptoms

27
Q

What can be done to test the function of cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)?

A

Observe for any vestibular symptoms
Test the vestibulo-ocular reflex
Brain auditory evoked response (BAER) test for hearing

28
Q

What are the functions of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)?

A

Sensory innervation of the tongue and pharynx (taste)
Motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle
Parasympathetic innervation of the parotid and zygomatic salivary glands

29
Q

What are the functions of cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)?

A

Sensory innervation of the pharynx (sensation and taste)
Motor innervation of the pharynx, larynx and oesophagus
Parasympathetic innervation of the cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

30
Q

What are the five clinical signs of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) and cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) dysfunction?

A

Dysphagia
Absent gag reflex
Inspiratory dyspnoea
Dysphonia
Megaoesophagus

31
Q

What can be done to test the functions of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) and cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)?

A

Test the gag reflex

32
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)?

A

Motor innervation of the neck muscles (trapezius, brachiocephalic and sternocephalic muscles)

33
Q

What is the clinical sign of cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve) dysfunction?

A

Deviation of the neck

34
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)?

A

Motor innervation of the tongue

35
Q

What are the three clinical sign of cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve) dysfunction?

A

Tongue atrophy
Tongue deviation
Abnormal deglutition (swallowing)

36
Q

What can be done to test the function of cranial nerve XII (hypoglassal nerve)?

A

Observe for tongue position and atrophy

MODULE 8 - Neurology (27 decks)

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