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MODULE 8 - Neurology > ANATOMY - Brain > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main anatomical divisions of the brain?

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

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2
Q

What are the two anatomical subdivisions of the prosencephalon (forebrain)?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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3
Q

Which structures are found within the telencephalon?

A

Cerebrum
Limbic system
Basal ganglia

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4
Q

Which structures are found within the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

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5
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

The thalamus is composed of different nuclei that are each involved in relaying sensory and motor signals

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6
Q

Which structure forms the roof of the diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus

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7
Q

Which gland is contained within the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland

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8
Q

Which structures are found within the mesencephalon (midbrain)?

A

Cerebral peduncles
Rostral colliculus
Caudal colliculus

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9
Q

What is the function of the rostral colliculus?

A

Rostral colliculus relays visual information

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10
Q

What is the function of the caudal colliculus?

A

Caudal colliculus relays auditory information

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11
Q

What are the two anatomical subdivisions of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)?

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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12
Q

Which structures are found within the metencephalon?

A

Pons
Cerebellum

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13
Q

Which structure is found within the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla oblongata

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14
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Cognition and thought processing

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15
Q

How does the cerebrum vary between species?

A

Higher mammals have a cerebrum with more gyri and sulci which enhances the surface area and increases the potential for neural networks

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16
Q

Which structure divides the cerebrum into left and right cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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17
Q

What are the five cerebral lobes that divide each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Olfactory lobe (in some species)

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18
Q

Which structure seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

Cruciate sulcus

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19
Q

Which structure seperates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral sulcus

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20
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Behaviour
Speech
Movement
Problem solving

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21
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Associated with movement and orientation
Involved in perceiving sensory input

22
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Processes sound, vestibular sensations and olfaction

23
Q

What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processes visual information

24
Q

What is the main function of the olfactory lobe?

A

Processing olfactory information

25
Q

Which structure connects the two lobes of the thalamus?

A

Interthalamic adhesion

26
Q

What are the four main white matter regions of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum
Internal capsule
Cerebellar peduncles
Corona radiata

27
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Corpus callosum is white matter connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres

28
Q

What is the function of the internal capsule?

A

Internal capsule is white matter connecting the cerebral hemispheres to the brainstem

29
Q

What is the function of the peduncles of the cerebellum?

A

Peduncles of the cerebellum are white matter connecting the cerebellum to the pons and medulla oblongata of the brainstem

30
Q

What is the function of the corona radiata?

A

Corona radiata is a continuation of the internal capsule which relays information to and from the cerebrum

31
Q

What are deep nuclei?

A

Deep nuclei are central masses of grey matter

32
Q

List two deep nuclei structures

A

Basal ganglia
Hippocampus

33
Q

What is the meninges?

A

Meninges is a protective membrane covering the brain and the spinal cord

34
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

35
Q

What is contained within the sub-arachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

36
Q

What are the two layers of the dura in the cranium?

A

Outer periosteal dura attached to the internal surface of the skull bones and the inner meningeal dura

37
Q

In which regions are the outer periosteal and inner meningeal layers of the dura mater not fused?

A

The outer periosteal and inner meningeal layers of the dura mater are not fused at the venous sinuses

38
Q

What are dural folds?

A

Dural folds are invaginations of the inner meningeal dura which separate the cranium into compartments

39
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Falx cerebri is a dural fold which projects towards the longitudinal fissure and separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

40
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Tentorium cerebelli is a dural fold which separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

41
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A

Diaphragma sellae is a dural fold which wraps around the stalk of the pituitary gland

42
Q

What is the cisterna magna?

A

Cisterna magna is an enlargement of the sub-arachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

43
Q

What is the clinical significance of the cisterna magna?

A

The cisterna magna is used for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection

44
Q

Why is the brain divided into rostral and caudal fossae?

A

Rostral and caudal fossae are clinical divisions used to localise anatomy, diagnostic imaging and pathology

45
Q

Which structures are contained within the rostral fossa?

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
Part of the mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Cranial nerves I and II
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle

46
Q

What is the caudal border of the rostral fossa?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

47
Q

Which structures are contained within the caudal fossa?

A

Part of the mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
Fourth ventricle

48
Q

What is the caudal border of the caudal fossa?

A

Foramen magnum

49
Q

Identify these structures on the dorsal surface of the brain

A
50
Q

Identify the following structures on this dissected dorsal surface of the brain

A
51
Q

Identify the following structures on this sagittal section of the brain

A

MODULE 8 - Neurology (27 decks)

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