ANATOMY - Central Nervous System Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main arteries which supply the brain of domestic species?

A

Internal carotid artery
Maxillary artery
Vertebral artery

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2
Q

What is the circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis)?

A

Circulatory anastomoses surrounding the hypothalamus

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3
Q

Which four arteries make up the circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis)?

A

Rostral communicating artery
Rostral cerebral arteries
Caudal communicating arteries
Basilar artery

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4
Q

Which three arteries supply the cerebrum?

A

Rostral cerebral arteries
Middle cerebral arteries
Caudal cerebral arteries

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5
Q

Which two arteries supply the cerebellum?

A

Rostral cerebellar artery
Caudal cerebellar artery

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6
Q

In which two domestic species is the brain supplied by the internal carotid and the vertebral arteries?

A

Dogs
Horses

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7
Q

Which three arteries branch from the internal carotid artery?

A

Rostral cerebral arteries
Middle cerebral arteries
Caudal communicating arteries

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8
Q

Which two arteries branch from the caudal communicating arteries?

A

Caudal cerebral arteries
Rostral cerebellar arteries

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9
Q

Which artery is formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries at the base of the skull?

A

Basilar artery

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10
Q

Which artery branches from the basilar artery?

A

Caudal cerebellar arteries

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11
Q

In which three domestic species is the brain supplied by the maxillary and vertebral arteries?

A

Cats
Sheep
Cattle

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12
Q

Why is it not recommended to use mouth gags in cats?

A

In cats the maxillary artery is the main source of blood for the brain and retinae, and mouth gags can cause compression of this artery resulting in central neurological deficits and blindness

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13
Q

What is ritual slaughter?

A

Ritual slaughter is the single, rapid cut of the neck which severs the carotid arteries and jugular veins

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14
Q

Why do cattle lose consciousness at a slower rate compared to sheep following ritual slaughter?

A

In sheep, the maxillary artery supplies the majority of the brain however, in cattle, the vertebral and maxillary blood mix in all parts of the brain. Because the maxillary artery is a branch of the external carotid artery, when the carotid is severed sheep will lose consciousness, however cattle remain conscious for longer as the vertebral artery is not severed so their brain will still have a blood supply

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15
Q

What is the rete mirabile?

A

Network of blood vessels located in the cavernous sinus of ruminants

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16
Q

What is the main function of the rete mirabile?

A

Thermoregulation

17
Q

(T/F) The veins of the central nervous system (CNS) do not have valves

A

TRUE.

18
Q

What are venous sinuses?

A

Venous sinuses are spaces between the outer periosteal and inner meningeal layers of the dura mater which drain venous blood from the central nervous system

19
Q

Which three venous sinuses make up the dorsal sinus system?

A

Dorsal sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus

20
Q

Which three venous sinuses make up the ventral sinus system?

A

Cavernous sinus
Dorsal petrosal sinus
Ventral petrosal sinus

21
Q

Which venous sinus connects the dorsal and ventral sinus systems?

A

Sigmoid sinus

22
Q

Which vein does the sigmoid sinus drain into?

A

Maxillary vein into the systemic circulation

23
Q

Which venous sinuses drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

Dorsal petrosal sinus
Ventral petrosal sinus

24
Q

Describe the superficial arterial blood flow to the spinal cord

A

Aorta -> Segmental arteries -> Dorsal and Ventral root arteries -> Irregular arterial ring -> Dorsolateral spinal arteries -> Ventral spinal artery -> Anastomosing arteries

25
Q

What is the name used for the segmental arteries in the cervical region of the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral arteries

26
Q

What is the name used for the segmental arteries in the thoracic region of the spinal cord?

A

Intercostal arteries

27
Q

What is the name used for the segmental arteries in the lumbar region of the spinal cord?

A

Lumbar arteries

28
Q

What are the two deep arteries of the spinal cord?

A

Radial artery
Vertical artery

29
Q

From which superficial artery does the radial artery branch from?

A

Irregular arterial ring

30
Q

From which superficial artery does the vertical artery branch from?

A

Ventral spinal artery

31
Q

Which deep artery supplies the white matter and outer region of the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Radial artery

32
Q

Which deep artery supplies the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Vertical artery

33
Q

What is a fibrocartilaginous embolism?

A

When a small piece of cartilage from the intervertebral disc blocks one of the spinal arteries causing infarction of the region of the spinal cord that is supplied by that artery

34
Q

Which region of the spinal cord drains into the vertebral vein?

A

Cervical region

35
Q

Which region of the spinal cord drains into the azygos vein?

A

Thoracic region

36
Q

Which region of the spinal cord drains into the caudal vena cava?

A

Lumbar region