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MODULE 8 - Neurology > FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY - Sensory Inputs and Motor Outputs > Flashcards

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY - Sensory Inputs and Motor Outputs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurones?

A

Sensory (afferent) neurones
Inter-neurones
Motor (efferent) neurones

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2
Q

What is the dendritic zone?

A

The receptive surface of a neurone

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3
Q

What is the dendritic zone of sensory (afferent) neurones?

A

Sensory receptor

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4
Q

What are the three classifications of sensory receptors?

A

Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors

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5
Q

What are exteroceptors?

A

Exteroceptors are sensory receptors on or close to the body’s surface and detect changes in the external environment

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6
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors which sense movement of muscles, tendons and joints

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7
Q

What are interoceptors?

A

Interoceptors are sensory receptors located in the viscera and thus sense changes in the internal environment

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8
Q

How are sensory (afferent) neurones classified in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) the sensory (afferent) neurones are classified based on the location of the dendritic zone (sensory receptor) within the body

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9
Q

What are the two main classifications of the sensory (afferent) neurones in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic afferent neurones
Visceral afferent neurones

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10
Q

What is the difference between somatic and visceral afferent neurones?

A

The dendritic zone of somatic afferent neurones is located on or near the surface of the body, whereas the dendritic zone of visceral afferent neurones is located in the viscera

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11
Q

What are the two subdivisions of somatic afferent neurones?

A

General somatic afferent (GSA) neurones
Special somatic afferent (SSA) neurones

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12
Q

Which four sensory stimuli are detected by general somatic afferent (GSA) neurones?

A

Touch
Temperature
Pain
Proprioception

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13
Q

Which cranial nerves have general somatic afferent (GSA) neurones?

A

Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal nerve)
Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)

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14
Q

Which spinal nerves have general somatic afferent (GSA) neurones?

A

All spinal nerves

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15
Q

Which two sensory stimuli are detected by special somatic afferent (GSA) neurones?

A

Vision
Sound

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16
Q

Which two cranial nerves have special somatic afferent (SSA) neurones?

A

Cranial nerve II (Optic nerve)
Cranial nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)

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17
Q

What are the two subdivisions of visceral afferent neurones?

A

General visceral afferent (GVA) neurones
Special visceral afferent (SVA) neurones

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18
Q

Which three sensory stimuli are detected by general visceral afferent (GVA) neurones?

A

Organ content
Distention
Chemicals

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19
Q

Which three cranial nerves have general visceral afferent (GVA) neurones?

A

Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)
Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)
Cranial nerve X (Vagus nerve)

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20
Q

Which spinal nerves have general visceral afferent (GSA) neurones?

A

All spinal nerves

21
Q

Which two sensory stimuli are detected by special visceral afferent (SVA) neurones?

A

Olfaction (smell)
Taste

22
Q

Which four cranial nerves have special visceral afferent (SVA) neurones?

A

Cranial nerve I (Olfactory nerve)
Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)
Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Cranial nerve X (Vagus nerve)

23
Q

What are sensory spinal tracts?

A

Sensory spinal tracts are neural pathways in the spinal cord which transmit sensory information from the periphery to the brain

24
Q

List four sensory spinal tracts

A

Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Spinocerebellar tracts
Spinothalamic tracts

25
Q

What sensory information is transported from the spinal cord to the brain by the fasciculus gracilis?

A

Proprioceptive information from the hindlimbs

26
Q

What sensory information is transported from the spinal cord to the brain by the fasciculus cuneatus?

A

Proprioceptive information from the forelimbs

27
Q

In which anatomical region of the brain does the spinocerebellar tracts transport sensory information to?

A

Cerebellum

28
Q

In which anatomical region of the brain does the spinothalamic tracts transport sensory information to?

A

Thalamus

29
Q

What is the dendritic zone of motor (efferent) neurones?

A

Dendrites

30
Q

How are motor (efferent) neurones classified in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) the motor (efferent) neurones are classified based on the location of the axon terminal within the body

31
Q

What are the two classifications of the motor (efferent) neurones in the peripheral nervous system?

A

General somatic efferent (GSE) neurones
General visceral efferent (GVE) neurones

32
Q

What is the different between general somatic and general visceral efferent neurones?

A

The axon terminals of general somatic efferent (GSE) neurones are located in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibres, however the axon terminals of general visceral efferent (GVE) fibres are located in smooth muscle fibres

33
Q

Which cranial nerves have general somatic efferent (GSE) neurones?

A

All cranial nerves except I, II and VIII

34
Q

Which spinal nerves have general somatic efferent (GSE) neurones?

A

All spinal nerves

35
Q

Which cranial nerves have general visceral efferent (GSE) neurones?

A

Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor nerve)
Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)
Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)
Cranial nerve X (Vagus nerve)
Cranial nerve XI (Accessory nerve)

36
Q

Which spinal nerves have general visceral efferent (GSE) neurones?

A

All spinal nerves

37
Q

What are motor spinal tracts?

A

Motor spinal tracts are neuronal pathways within the spinal cord which transmit motor information from the brain to the periphery

38
Q

List five motor spinal tracts

A

Corticospinal tracts
Rubrospinal tracts
Reticulospinal tracts
Vestibulospinal tracts
Tectospinal tracts

39
Q

From where in the brain does the corticospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

A

Cerebral cortex

40
Q

From where in the brain does the rubrospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

A

Red nucleus in the brainstem

41
Q

From where in the brain does the reticulospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

A

Reticular formation in the brainstem

42
Q

From where in the brain does the vestibulospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

A

Vestibular nuclei in the brainstem

43
Q

From where in the brain does the tectospinal tract transport motor information to the spinal cord?

A

Tectum region of the brainstem

44
Q

What is the main test used to assess proprioception?

A

Proprioceptive placing

45
Q

Describe the proprioceptive placing test

A

Flex the paw so the dorsal surface is on the floor and the animal should immediately return the paw to the normal position

46
Q

What is the disadvantage of proprioceptive testing?

A

Proprioceptive testing identifies that the problem is neurological, however it does not localise the lesion

47
Q

What are the four tests that can be used to assess motor function?

A

Gait
Muscle tone assessment
Patellar reflex
Withdrawal reflex

48
Q

Describe the grading scale for spinal cord injuries

A

0: Normal
1: Pain
2: Ambulatory paresis (weak but can walk)
3. Non-ambulatory paresis (cannot walk)
4. Plegia (paralysis)
5: Plegia with an absent pain sensation

MODULE 8 - Neurology (27 decks)

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