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MODULE 8 - Neurology > PATHOLOGY - Central Nervous System > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

List the cells within the central nervous system from more susceptible to injury to least susceptible to injury

A

Neurones
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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2
Q

What are the eight defence mechanisms the central nervous system (CNS) has against disease?

A

Skin
Bone (cranium and vertebrae)
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Blood brain barrier (BBB)
Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Local innate immune system
Circulating macrophages

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3
Q

What are gitter cells?

A

Gitter cells are enlarged phagocytic cells distended by lipids

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4
Q

What are the seven responses the central nervous system (CNS) can have to injury?

A

Necrosis
Inflammation
Vascular changes
Gliosis
Central chromatolysis
Demyelination
Wallerian degeneration

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5
Q

What is encephalomalacia?

A

Encephalomalacia is necrosis of the brain

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6
Q

What is gliosis?

A

Gliosis is the proliferation of neuroglial cells

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7
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary demyelination?

A

Primary demyelination is caused by damage to oligodendrocytes whereas secondary demyelination is caused by damage to the axons

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8
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

Wallerian degeneration is anterograde degeneration due to damage to an axon independent of the neuronal cell body

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9
Q

Describe the process of Wallerian degeneration

A

There will be anterograde degeneration of the axon through the formation of axonal spheroids, distention of the myelin sheaths, necrosis of the axon and myelin sheaths and finally phagocytosis of the debris by macrophages

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10
Q

What happens following Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Following Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system, there will be regeneration of the axons and re-myelination

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11
Q

What happens following Wallerian degeneration in the central nervous system?

A

Following Wallerian degeneration in the central nervous system, there will be astrogliosis and scar formation

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12
Q

What are the two vascular injuries that can occur in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Haemorrhage
Ischaemia

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13
Q

What are the four possible causes of haemorrhage in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Spontaneous
Trauma
Neoplasia
Idiopathic

Localised brain haemorrhage
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14
Q

What is one of the common causes of ischaemia in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Fibrocartilaginous embolism

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15
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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16
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain

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17
Q

What is myelitis?

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord

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18
Q

What is leukoencephalomyelitis?

A

Inflammation of the white matter in the brain and the spinal cord

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19
Q

What is polioencephalomyelitis?

A

Inflammation of the grey matter in the brain and the spinal cord

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20
Q

What does neurotropic mean?

A

Infectious agents which are preferential to neurones

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21
Q

What are the four portals of entry for infectious agents into the central nervous system?

A

Direct entry
Haematogenous
Leukocyte trafficking
Retrograde axonal transport

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22
Q

Give an example of bacteria which uses the haematogenous route to enter the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Histophilus somni

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23
Q

Which disease is caused by histophilus somni?

A

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) in cattle

24
Q

(T/F) Histophilus somni is a commensal bacteria of the skin

A

FALSE. Histophilus somni is a commensal bacteria of the lungs

25
Q

Identify this bacterial mediated brain lesion

A

Brain abscess

26
Q

Which viruses have the ability to travel haematogenously to the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Arboviruses
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

27
Q

Which type of inflammation is typically caused by arboviruses?

A

Polioencephalomyelitis

28
Q

What is the other route of entry into the central nervous system (CNS) used by feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)?

A

Leukocyte trafficking

29
Q

How can a feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) infection cause hydrocephalus?

A

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus is preferential to the ventricular system and can cause obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through this system, causing hydrocephalus

30
Q

What type of inflammation would you expect to see on a histological sample of the central nervous system (CNS) infected with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)?

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation

31
Q

Which two fungi use leukocyte trafficking to reach the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Aspergillus
Cryptococcus neoforms (C. neoforms)

32
Q

What would you see on gross examination of a central nervous system (CNS) with a fungal infection?

A

Yellow/brown foci

33
Q

What type of inflammation would you expect to see on a histological sample of the central nervous system (CNS) with a fungal infection?

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation

34
Q

Which route of entry is used by canine distemper virus to enter the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Leukocyte trafficking

35
Q

Give an example of a bacteria which uses retrograde axonal transport to reach the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

36
Q

Why is listeriosis most common in ruminants?

A

Listeriosis is most common in ruminants as it arises through ingesting listeria monocytogenes which is found in poor quality silage

37
Q

What would be the appearance of a histological sample of the central nervous system (CNS) that had been infected with listeria monocytogenes?

A

Microabscesses
Lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis

38
Q

What is lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis ?

A

Inflammation of the meninges and the brain involving lymphocytes

39
Q

What is one of the most neurotropic viruses seen in veterinary medicine?

A

Rabiesvirus

40
Q

Which route of entry is used by the rabiesvirus to enter the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Retrograde axonal transport

41
Q

Describe briefly how the rabiesvirus uses retrograde axonal transport to enter the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Rabiesvirus is transmitted through biting, so will initially infect muscle and neuromuscular junctions where the virus can use retrograde axonal transport to bypass the spinal cord and travel to the brain and salivary glands

42
Q

Why does the rabiesvirus bypass infecting the spinal cord?

A

To maintain the movement of the host to increase transmission through biting other hosts

43
Q

What type of inflammation would you expect to see on a histological sample of the brain infected with rabiesvirus?

A

Polioencephalitis

44
Q

What are the two forms of immune-mediated meningoencephalitis?

A

Necrotising immune-mediated meningoencephalitis
Granulomatous immune-mediated meningoencephalitis

45
Q

List three intrinsic causes of spinal cord trauma?

A

Intervertebral disc herniation
Spinal malformation
Pathological fracture

46
Q

What is Hansen type 1 intervertebral disc herniation?

A

Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through a tear in the annular fibrosis

47
Q

What is Hansen type 2 intervertebral disc herniation?

A

Protrusion of the entire intervertebral disc

48
Q

What is an explosive disc?

A

Traumatic rupture of the annular fibrosis associated with intense exercise

49
Q

What region of the spine in dogs is most susceptible to clinically significant intervertebral disc disease?

A

Thoracolumbar region

50
Q

Which vertebrae are affected by static wobblers in horses?

A

Static wobblers affects C5 - C7 vertebrae

51
Q

At what age is static wobblers typically seen in horses?

A

1-4 years old

52
Q

Which vertebrae are affected by dynamic wobblers in horses?

A

Dynamic wobblers affects C3 - C5 vertebrae

53
Q

At what age is dynamic wobblers typically seen in horses?

A

8-18 months old

54
Q

Which pattern of lesions would you see when there is a toxic or metabolic insult to the brain?

A

Symmetrical, bilateral lesions

55
Q

What are the seven primary neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Oligodendoglioma
Astrocytoma
Medulloblastoma
Choroid plexus tumor
Ependymoma
Haemangioma
Meningioma

MODULE 8 - Neurology (27 decks)

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