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MSK > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Calcium required for contraction of skeletal muscle is found where?

A
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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2
Q

Skeletal muscle is under ____ control?

A
  • voluntary control

- neurogenic initiation

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3
Q

Describe the motor unit in skeletal muscle

A

Single alpha motor neurone and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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4
Q

Muscles with fine movements will have __(more/less)___ fibres per motor unit?

A
  • Less

- Precision more important than power

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5
Q

Muscle fibre is another term for what?

A
  • Muscle cell
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6
Q

What is the name given to the functional unit of skeletal muscles?

A
  • Sarcomere
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7
Q

Define functional unit

A
  • The smallest component capable of performing all the functions of that organ
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8
Q

Where is the A band found in skeletal muscle?

A
  • Made up of thick filaments along with portions of thin filaments that overlap
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9
Q

Where is the H zone?

A
  • The lighter area within the middle of the A band where thin filaments don’t reach
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10
Q

Where is the M line?

A
  • Down the middle of A band
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11
Q

ATP is dependant for ______ and _____ of skeletal muscle

A
  • contraction

- relaxation

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12
Q

Why is ca2+ required for muscle contraction

A
  • pulls tropomyosin out, to allow cross bridges to form
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13
Q

What neurotransmitter is required to allow excitation

A

-Acetylcholine

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14
Q

What effects the strength of skeletal muscle tension?

A
  • Number of muscle fibres

- Tension developed

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15
Q

How do twitches arise in skeletal muscles?

A
  • repetitive fast stimulation of skeletal muscles

- provides no opportunity for the muscle to relax

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16
Q

What is the effect on muscle length during isotonic contraction?

A
  • Length changes

- Muscle tension remains constant

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17
Q

What is an example of an isotonic contraction?

A
  • body movements
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18
Q

What is an example of an isometric contraction?

A
  • maintaining posture
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19
Q

What is the effect on muscle length during isometric contraction?

A
  • No effect on muscle length

- tension develops

20
Q

What is the main source of ATP when O2 is not present?

A
  • Glycolysis
21
Q

What is the main source of ATP when O2 is present?

A
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
22
Q

Define reflexes?

A
  • action is a stereotyped response to a specific stimulus
23
Q

What is the simplest monosynaptic spinal reflex?

A
  • Stretch reflex
24
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A
  • Specialised muscle fibres

- Sensory receptors for stretch reflex

25
Q

What is a intrafusal fibre?

A
  • muscle spindels

- specialised muscle fibre

26
Q

What is the name given to the efferent neutrons that supply muscle spindles?

A
  • Gamma motor neurons
27
Q

What are some examples of causes of muscle diseases?

A

Genetics
Muscular dystrophy
Endocrine (Cushings)

28
Q

Symptoms of muscle disease?

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Delayed relaxation (myotonia)
  • Muscle pain
29
Q

Define Myotonia?

A
  • delayed relaxation of muscle
30
Q

Define myalgia?

A
  • muscle pain
31
Q

How are skeletal muscles innervated?

A
  • fast alpha-motor neurone with myelinated axons and cell bodies in the spinal cord
32
Q

Where are nicotinic ACh receptors located?

A
  • at regions of the junctional folds that face active zones
33
Q

Highlight the main steps involved in neuromuscular transmission

A
  • Synthesis of ACh
  • Uptake of ACh into synaptic vesicles
  • Ca2+ dependant release of ACh into synaptic cleft
  • ACh binding to nicotinic ACh receptors
34
Q

Where is ACh synthesised?

A
  • cytoplasm of bouton
35
Q

What enzyme is involved in the synthesis of ACh?

A
  • acetyltransferase
36
Q

How is Ca2+ released?

A
  • action potential arrives at T-tubule

- triggers release of Ca2+ from SR

37
Q

What enzyme causes termination of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors?

A
  • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

- Hydrolyses ACh to choline and acetate

38
Q

Issac’s disease has reduce ___ conductance

A
  • Reduced K+ conductance
39
Q

LEMS has reduced ___ conductance

A
  • reduced Ca2+ conductance
40
Q

What is the drug treatment for mysthenia gravis

A
  • Anticholinesterases
41
Q

What are the 4 processes of pain?

A
  • Transduction
  • Transmission
  • Modulation
  • Perception
42
Q

What are the names given to the afferent pain primary neurons?

A
  • Nociceptors

- first order neurons

43
Q

Subtypes of nociceptors?

A 
alpha gamma (fast)
c-fibers (slow - throbing)
44
Q

hyperalgesia?

A

Causes heightened pain sensitivity to noxious

45
Q

allodynia?

A

Heightened pain sensitivity to innocuous stimuli

46
Q

Dysfunctional (pathological) pain?

A

No identifiable damage or inflammation

MSK (16 decks)

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