Pathology Flashcards
Arthritis tends to effect which joints?
- Synovial joints
Type II collagen provides what?
- Provides strength
What is the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis
- degenerative joint disease
- ageing
- biomechanics strength
Where is usually effected by osteoarthritis
- hips
- knees
- lower lumbar
- fingers
Where is usually spared with osteoarthritis?
- wrists
- elbows
- shoulders
What is loss of joint space referring to?
- cartilage loss
What is subchondral sclerosis referring to?
- eburnation
- thickening of bone, loss of cartilage
What is subchondral cysts referring to?
- Synovial fluid accumulation
What is osteophytes referring to?
- Disorganised bone remodelling
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
- A chronic inflammatory disorder
- autoimmune
- Systemic
What is the presentation of rheumatoid arthritis?
- joint swelling
- decreased range of movement
Explain pannus formation
- Seen in rheumatoid arthritis
- inflammatory granulation tissue
What are skin manifestations of arthritis?
- small vessel vasculitis
- pyoderma gangrenosum
- psoriasis
What are pulmonary manifestations of arthritis?
- plueririts and effusiosn
- rheumatic nodules
- ILD
- Fibrosis
Gout is due to what?
- Reduced urate excretion
- Excess urate production
What would gout appear like down the microscope?
- Needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals
What are the causes of pseudo-gout?
- calcium pyrophosphate
What would pseudo-gout appear like down the microscope?
- rhomboid shaped crystals
- bigger and thicker than needle shaped urate crystals
What is the commonest benign bone tumour?
- Osteochondroma
- Produces a bony outgrowth on the external surface with a cartilaginous cap
What is enchondroma and what is the treatment?
- Benign intramedullary cartilaginous tumour
- curettage and bone graft
What would an aneurysmal bone cyst appear like down microscope?
- chambers filled with blood or serum
X-ray findings of “soap bubble” may be suggestive of?
- Giant cell tumour
- benign
- can cause pathological fracture
Benign bone tumour, which pain is worse at night and relieved by NSAIDs?
- Osteoid osteoma
Where does fibrosarcoma occur?
- abnormal bone
- fibrous malignant primary bone tumour
What is the result of avascular necrosis?
- localised necrosis because of ischaemia from a reduction in blood supply
What is osteoporosis?
- decreased bone mass
- 2.5 below mean peak bone mass
Osteopenia?
- less severe than osteoporosis
- 1-2.5 below mean peak
What are the complications of osteoporosis?
- significant risk of fracture
What are some secondary causes of osteoporosis?
- endocrine (Cushing’s, hyperparathyroidism)
- gastro (hepatic insufficiency)
- drugs
What is osteomalacia?
- vitamin d deficiency
- hypocalcaemia
What is the role of vitamin D
- stimulates absorption of calcium
- causes osteoblasts to release osteocalcin
What is avascular necrosis?
- necrosis of bone and marrow
- the result of ineffective vascular supply
What is the most common cause of avascular necrosis
- alcohol
Explain Pagets disease
- abnormality of bone turnover
- may be asymptomatic
What is the genetic element associated with Pagets disease
SQSTM1
What are the symptoms of pagets disease?
- thick excess bone
- soft bone
- abnormal shaped bones
What is a complication of Pagets disease?
- secondary malignancy
What is nodular fasciitis?
- cellular proliferation of fibroblastic and myofibroblast cells
Myositis ossificans may present with a preceding history of___
- trauma
Where are ganglion cysts often found?
-as a lump near joint capsule or tendon sheath
Deep fibromatosis do not metastasis.
True or false?
- True
Deep fibromatosis is associated with what mutations?
- APC
- beta-catenin gene
Synovial sarcoma is what karyotypic abnormality?
x;18
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma is what karyotypic abnormality?
2;13
Ewing’s sarcoma is what karyotypic abnormality?
11;22
Lipomas are __benign/malignant__
benign
The malignant type of lipomas are called?
- liposarcoma
What are the 3 different gradings of sarcoma?
- degree of differentiation
- degree of proliferation (mitotic count)
- presence of coagulative necrosis
What is the name given to a benign tumour of smooth muscle?
- leiomyomas
What is the name given to malignant tumours of smooth muscles?
- leiomyosarcoma
What is the name given to benign tumours of skeletal muscles?
- rhabdomyoma
What is the name given to malignant tumours from skeletal muscles?
- rhabdomyosarcoma
How do osteosarcomas spread?
- haematogenous spread
What are the first type of cancers to spread?
- lung
- kidney
- breast
- prostate
Ewing’s sarcoma usually effects which part of long bones?
- diaphysis
