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MSK > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Arthritis tends to effect which joints?

A
  • Synovial joints
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2
Q

Type II collagen provides what?

A
  • Provides strength
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3
Q

What is the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis

A
  • degenerative joint disease
  • ageing
  • biomechanics strength
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4
Q

Where is usually effected by osteoarthritis

A
  • hips
  • knees
  • lower lumbar
  • fingers
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5
Q

Where is usually spared with osteoarthritis?

A
  • wrists
  • elbows
  • shoulders
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6
Q

What is loss of joint space referring to?

A
  • cartilage loss
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7
Q

What is subchondral sclerosis referring to?

A
  • eburnation

- thickening of bone, loss of cartilage

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8
Q

What is subchondral cysts referring to?

A
  • Synovial fluid accumulation
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9
Q

What is osteophytes referring to?

A
  • Disorganised bone remodelling
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10
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • A chronic inflammatory disorder
  • autoimmune
  • Systemic
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11
Q

What is the presentation of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • joint swelling

- decreased range of movement

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12
Q

Explain pannus formation

A
  • Seen in rheumatoid arthritis

- inflammatory granulation tissue

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13
Q

What are skin manifestations of arthritis?

A
  • small vessel vasculitis
  • pyoderma gangrenosum
  • psoriasis
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14
Q

What are pulmonary manifestations of arthritis?

A
  • plueririts and effusiosn
  • rheumatic nodules
  • ILD
  • Fibrosis
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15
Q

Gout is due to what?

A
  • Reduced urate excretion

- Excess urate production

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16
Q

What would gout appear like down the microscope?

A
  • Needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals
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17
Q

What are the causes of pseudo-gout?

A
  • calcium pyrophosphate
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18
Q

What would pseudo-gout appear like down the microscope?

A
  • rhomboid shaped crystals

- bigger and thicker than needle shaped urate crystals

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19
Q

What is the commonest benign bone tumour?

A
  • Osteochondroma

- Produces a bony outgrowth on the external surface with a cartilaginous cap

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20
Q

What is enchondroma and what is the treatment?

A
  • Benign intramedullary cartilaginous tumour

- curettage and bone graft

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21
Q

What would an aneurysmal bone cyst appear like down microscope?

A
  • chambers filled with blood or serum
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22
Q

X-ray findings of “soap bubble” may be suggestive of?

A
  • Giant cell tumour
  • benign
  • can cause pathological fracture
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23
Q

Benign bone tumour, which pain is worse at night and relieved by NSAIDs?

A
  • Osteoid osteoma
24
Q

Where does fibrosarcoma occur?

A
  • abnormal bone

- fibrous malignant primary bone tumour

25
Q

What is the result of avascular necrosis?

A
  • localised necrosis because of ischaemia from a reduction in blood supply
26
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A
  • decreased bone mass

- 2.5 below mean peak bone mass

27
Q

Osteopenia?

A
  • less severe than osteoporosis

- 1-2.5 below mean peak

28
Q

What are the complications of osteoporosis?

A
  • significant risk of fracture
29
Q

What are some secondary causes of osteoporosis?

A
  • endocrine (Cushing’s, hyperparathyroidism)
  • gastro (hepatic insufficiency)
  • drugs
30
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A
  • vitamin d deficiency

- hypocalcaemia

31
Q

What is the role of vitamin D

A
  • stimulates absorption of calcium

- causes osteoblasts to release osteocalcin

32
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A
  • necrosis of bone and marrow

- the result of ineffective vascular supply

33
Q

What is the most common cause of avascular necrosis

A
  • alcohol
34
Q

Explain Pagets disease

A
  • abnormality of bone turnover

- may be asymptomatic

35
Q

What is the genetic element associated with Pagets disease

A

SQSTM1

36
Q

What are the symptoms of pagets disease?

A
  • thick excess bone
  • soft bone
  • abnormal shaped bones
37
Q

What is a complication of Pagets disease?

A
  • secondary malignancy
38
Q

What is nodular fasciitis?

A
  • cellular proliferation of fibroblastic and myofibroblast cells
39
Q

Myositis ossificans may present with a preceding history of___

A
  • trauma
40
Q

Where are ganglion cysts often found?

A

-as a lump near joint capsule or tendon sheath

41
Q

Deep fibromatosis do not metastasis.

True or false?

A
  • True
42
Q

Deep fibromatosis is associated with what mutations?

A
  • APC

- beta-catenin gene

43
Q

Synovial sarcoma is what karyotypic abnormality?

A

x;18

44
Q

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma is what karyotypic abnormality?

A

2;13

45
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma is what karyotypic abnormality?

A

11;22

46
Q

Lipomas are __benign/malignant__

A

benign

47
Q

The malignant type of lipomas are called?

A
  • liposarcoma
48
Q

What are the 3 different gradings of sarcoma?

A
  • degree of differentiation
  • degree of proliferation (mitotic count)
  • presence of coagulative necrosis
49
Q

What is the name given to a benign tumour of smooth muscle?

A
  • leiomyomas
50
Q

What is the name given to malignant tumours of smooth muscles?

A
  • leiomyosarcoma
51
Q

What is the name given to benign tumours of skeletal muscles?

A
  • rhabdomyoma
52
Q

What is the name given to malignant tumours from skeletal muscles?

A
  • rhabdomyosarcoma
53
Q

How do osteosarcomas spread?

A
  • haematogenous spread
54
Q

What are the first type of cancers to spread?

A
  • lung
  • kidney
  • breast
  • prostate
55
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma usually effects which part of long bones?

A
  • diaphysis

MSK (16 decks)

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