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MSK > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lower limb composed of?

A 
Inguinal region
Thigh
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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2
Q

What three muscles make up the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus Medius
  • Gluteus Minimus
  • Tensor fascia latae
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3
Q

What is the movement of the superficial gluteal muscles?

A
  • Medial rotators
  • Abductors
  • Extensors
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4
Q

Explain Trendelenburg’s Gait

A

Stand on one leg, the unsupported leg will tip, pathology to the superior gluteal nerve

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5
Q

What muscles make up the deep gluteal muscles?

A
  • Piriformis
  • Obturator internus
  • Gemelli
  • Quadratus femoris
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6
Q

What is the movement of the deep gluteal muscles?

A
  • Lateral rotators and hip stabilisers
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7
Q

What do nerves enter and exit the pelvis and perineum by?

A
  • Greater and lesser sciatic foramen
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8
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve exit?

A
  • L4-S3
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9
Q

Where does the pudendal nerve exit?

A
  • S2-S4
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10
Q

Where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh exit?

A
  • S1-S3
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11
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into and where does this usually occur?

A
  • Divides into the tibial nerve, and the common fibular nerve
  • usually superior to the popliteal fossa
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12
Q

What are the medial, lateral and superior aspects of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Medial - adductor longus
  • Lateral - sartorius
  • Superior - Inguinal ligament
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13
Q

What are the contents within the femoral canal? Laterally to medial

A
  • Femoral Nerve
  • Femoral Artery
  • Femoral Vein
  • Lymphatics
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14
Q

What are the three compartments of the thigh?

A
  • Anterior
  • Medial
  • Posterior
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15
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior thigh

A
  • Pectineus
  • Iliopsoas
  • Sartorius
  • Quadriceps femoris
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16
Q

What are the muscles of the medial thigh

A
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracillis
  • Obturator externus
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17
Q

Main nerve supply to the anterior thigh?

A
  • Femoral nerve
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18
Q

Main nerve supply to the medial thigh?

A
  • Obturator nerve
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19
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior thigh?

A
  • Semitendinosis
  • Semimembranosus
  • Biceps femoris
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20
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the posterior thigh?

A
  • Tibial division of sciatic nerve
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21
Q

What muscles make up the anterior leg?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • fibularis tertius
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22
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the anterior leg?

A
  • Deep fibular nerve
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23
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the leg?

A
  • Anterior
  • Lateral
  • Posterior
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24
Q

What are the muscles that make up the lateral leg?

A
  • Fibularis longus

- Fibularis brevis

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25
Q

What is the main nerve supply to the lateral leg?

A
  • Superficial fibular nerve
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26
Q

What are the muscles that make up the posterior leg?

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Plantars
  • popliteus
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • tibialis posterior
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27
Q

What is the nerve supply to the posterior leg?

A
  • Tibial nerve
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28
Q

What are the boundaries to the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Superolateral - biceps femoris
  • Superomedially - semimembranosus
  • Inferiorly - gastrocenemius
  • Roof - Popliteal fascia
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29
Q

What is the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Fat
  • Terminal small saphenous vein
  • Popliteal vessels
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30
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A
  • Biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
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31
Q

What forms the muscular floor of the femoral triangle?

A
  • iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially
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32
Q

What forms the roof of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Fascia lata

- crimbriform fascia

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33
Q

Where does the femoral nerve innervate?

A
  • L2-L4
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34
Q

What is enclosed within the femoral sheath?

A
  • femoral artery and vein
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35
Q

What is not included in the femoral sheath?

A
  • femoral nerve

- this lies laterally to the sheath

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36
Q

Femoral hernias are found ___ to the pubic tubercle

A
  • inferolateral
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37
Q

What is the main blood supply to the head of the femur?

A
  • Medial and lateral circumflex arteries
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38
Q

Where can the femoral artery be palpated?

A
  • 3cm inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
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39
Q

What muscle is involved in the knee jerk reflex?

A
  • quadriceps
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40
Q

Where does the lymph following the great saphenous vein drain?

A
  • drains into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

- then into external iliac node

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41
Q

Where does the lymph following the small saphenous vein drain?

A
  • popliteal lymph nodes

- then into deep inguinal nodes

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42
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A
  • thickening of the deep fascia of the thigh

- fascia lata

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43
Q

What is the name given to the muscular part of the fascia latae?

A
  • Tensor fasciae latae
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44
Q

What nerve may be effected during childbirth?

A
  • Pudendal nerve
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45
Q

How many out of the 4 hamstring muscles attach to the ischial tuberosity proximally?

A
  • 3 out of the 4 muscles
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46
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the hamstrings?

A
  • semimembranous
  • semitendinosis
  • short head biceps femoris
  • long head biceps femoris
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47
Q

What is considered not a true hamstring?

A
  • The short head biceps femoris
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48
Q

Why is the short head biceps femoris not considered a ‘true’ hamstring?

A
  • Doesn’t attach to the ischial tuberosity and instead attaches to the linea aspera of the femur
  • Has no effect on the hip joint
  • supplies common fibular branch of sciatic nerve
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49
Q

What is the appearance of the semimembranous muscle?

A
  • shiny membranous apperance
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50
Q

What increases the dept of the acetabulum?

A
  • the acetabular labrum
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51
Q

What ligament may be ruptured during a hip dislocation?

A
  • ligament of the head of the femur
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52
Q

What are the 3 different types of fascia?

A
  • Superficial
  • deep
  • visceral
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53
Q

The fascia lata is what type of fascia?

A
  • deep
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54
Q

Where does the fascia lata start and end?

A
  • start - iliac crest

- ends - distal to bony prominences of the tibia

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55
Q

What are the three intermuscular septa and what gives rise to it?

A
  • fascia lata divides
  • anterior
  • medial
  • posterior
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56
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the iliotibial tract?

A
  • movement
  • compartmentalisation
  • muscular sheath
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57
Q

What does ASIS stand for?

A
  • anterior superior iliac spine
58
Q

What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A
  • piriformis
  • obturator internus
  • superior and inferior gemelli
  • quadratus femoris
59
Q

What are the names of the muscles that make up the hip adductors? Medial thigh?

A
  • adductor magnus
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
  • obturator externus
  • gracilis
60
Q

What is the genicular anastomoses?

A
  • collateral blood supply to the knee joint, leg and foot
61
Q

What is the action of the posterior leg muscles?

A
  • plantar flex the ankle and toes
62
Q

What does the gastrocnemius attach to distally?

A
  • attach to the calcaneus via the achilles tendon
63
Q

What does the ACL prevent?

A
  • prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur and hyperextension
64
Q

At what joint does pronation and supination occur?

A
  • proximal and distal radioulnar joints
65
Q

What does ‘congruency’ mean?

A
  • shape of the articulating bones
66
Q

Define subluxation?

A
  • partial dislocation, where the articular surfaces are displaced
67
Q

What are the 3 elbow ligaments?

A
  • lateral collateral ligaments
  • annular ligament
  • medial collateral ligament
68
Q

What innervates the deltoid muscle?

A
  • axillary nerve
69
Q

What innervates the teres major muscle?

A
  • lower subscapular nerve
70
Q

Why are the rotator cuff muscles important?

A
  • stabilisers of the joint

- resist displacement of the humeral head

71
Q

What are the compartments of the upper arm?

A
  • anterior

- posterior

72
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior arm?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • coracobrachialis
73
Q

What is the anterior muscles of the arm innervated by?

A
  • musculocutaneous nerve
74
Q

What is the action of the anterior muscles of the arm?

A
  • flexion of the arm and forearm
75
Q

What is the muscle of the posterior arm?

A
  • Triceps brachii
76
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the upper arm?

A
  • Radial nerve
77
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?

A
  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • palmaris longus
78
Q

What is the muscles of the intermediate anterior forearm?

A
  • flexor digitorum superficials
79
Q

What are the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?

A
  • flexor pollicis longus
  • felox digiorum profundus
  • pronator quadratus
80
Q

What is the main nerve innervation to the anterior muscles of the forearm?

A
  • median nerve
81
Q

Actions of the anterior muscles of the forearm?

A
  • flexion of the wrist and digits

- pronation of the forearm

82
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate

A
  • C5-T1
83
Q

What roots form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A
  • C5

- C6

84
Q

What forms the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A
  • the 3 posterior divisions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks
85
Q

What cord does the musculocutaneous nerve divide from?

A
  • lateral cord
86
Q

What is the nemonic to remember for the order of the brachial plexus?

A
  • Really (roots)
  • Tired (trunk)
  • Drink (divisions)
  • Coffee (cords)
  • Now (nerves)
87
Q

What are the nerves from the brachial plexus

A
  • musculocutaneous
  • axillary
  • radial
  • median
  • ulnar
88
Q

Venae comitantes describes what?

A
  • the veins of the upper limbs found at either side of the arteries
89
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the rotar cuff muscles?

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subcapularis
90
Q

What action does the posterior muscles of the forearm do?

A
  • extensor

- supination

91
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the forearm?

A
  • brachioradialis
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpir radialis longus
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Externsor digiti minimi
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • supiator
  • extensor indicis
92
Q

What is the origin + insertion of long head of biceps brachii?

A
  • Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

- Radial tuberosity

93
Q

What is the origin + insertion of short head of biceps brachii?

A
  • Coracoid process of scapula

- Radial tuberosity

94
Q

What is the nerve + arterial supply to biceps brachii?

A
  • Musculocutaneous nerve

- Brachial artery

95
Q

What is the origin + insertion of coracobrachialis?

A
  • Coracoid process of scapula

- Medial humerus

96
Q

How many of each groups of vertebrae are there?

A
  • Cervical (5)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Coccyx (4)
97
Q

What does the cervical vertebrae contain which is unique to them?

A
  • bifid process
98
Q

Each thoracic vertebrae has 2 ____

A
  • demi facets
99
Q

Name some abnormal curves of the spine?

A
  • thoracic kyphosis
  • lumbar lordosis
  • ankylosing spondylitis
  • scoliosis
100
Q

The vertebral body forms the __anterior/posterior__ of each vertebrae?

A
  • forms the anterior
101
Q

The vertebral body is the weight bearing component

True/False?

A
  • True
102
Q

What lies between the transverse process and the spinous process?

A
  • The lamina
103
Q

What is the main muscle of the back called that is responsible for extension and flexion

A

Erector spinae

104
Q

What lies in-between each vertebrae?

A

-Intervertebral joint

105
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A
  • Bundle of nerve roots

- Distal end of spinal cord

106
Q

The extrinsic back muscles are made up of 2 layers, what are these?

A
  • Superficial layer

- Intermediate layer

107
Q

The intrinsic back muscles are made up of 3 layers, what are these?

A
  • Superficial layer
  • Deep layer
  • Deepest layer
108
Q

What type of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?

A
  • synovial

- fibrous

109
Q

Explain the role of the acetabular labrum?

A
  • fibrocartilaginous rim along the margin of the acetabulum

- deepens the acetabulum

110
Q

What are the 3 ligaments of the hip joint?

A
  • iliofemoral
  • ischiofemoral
  • pubofemoral
111
Q

What hip ligament is Y shaped?

A
  • iliofemoral ligament
112
Q

What is more common a posterior hip dislocation or an anterior hip dislocation?

A
  • posterior hip
113
Q

What is the risk of a posterior hip dislocation?

A
  • damage to sciatic nerve
114
Q

What would a posterior dislocated hip appear like?

  • length
  • rotation
A
  • shorter

- medially rotate

115
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve originate from?

A
  • L4-S3
116
Q

The sciatic nerve runs __anterior/posterior___ to the acetabulum?

A
  • posterior
117
Q

The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis through the __greater/lesser___ sciatic foramen?

A
  • greater sciatic foramen

- inferior to the piriformis

118
Q

Explain trendelenburg’s sign?

A
  • inferior dropping of the contralateral hip when standing on one limb
  • gluteus medius and minimus weakened
119
Q

What are the 2 muscles which abduct the hip?

A
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
  • both insert into the greater trochanter of the femur
120
Q

What is the primary blood supply to the hip joint?

A
  • medial circumflex
121
Q

Explain Maisonneuve fractures?

A
  • fracture to the proximal fibular

- seperation of distal tibia and fibula causes rupture of tibiofibular syndesmosis

122
Q

What holds the distal parts of the tibia and fibula together?

A
  • tibiofibular syndesmosis
123
Q

What may occur if the anterior lower leg is injured?

A
  • deep fibular nerve damage

- impaired dorsiflexion

124
Q

What may occur if the lateral lower leg is injured?

A
  • superficial fibular nerve damage

- impaired eversion

125
Q

Explain foot drop?

A
  • due to dysfucntion of the anterior compartment muscles
  • changes in gait
  • high steppage and foot slap
126
Q

What forms the shoulder girdle?

A
  • scapula
  • clavicle
  • proximal humerus
  • supporting muscles
127
Q

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

A
  • supraspinous
  • infraspinous
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
128
Q

Where does the subscapularis muscle insert?

A
  • lesser tuberosity
129
Q

Adhesive capsulitis is loss of ____ rotation

A
  • external rotation

- aka. frozen shoulder

130
Q

What muscle is involved in extension of the elbow?

A
  • triceps muscle
131
Q

What muscles is involved in flexion of the elbow?

A
  • brachialis

- biceps

132
Q

What muscles are involved in supination of the elbow?

A
  • biceps

- supinator muscles

133
Q

What muscles are involved in pronation of the elbow?

A
  • pronator teres muscle

- pronator quadratus muscle

134
Q

What forms the superior border of the cubital fossa?

A
  • medial epicondyle
135
Q

What does the cubital fossa contain?

A
  • radial nerve
  • biceps tendon
  • brachial artery
  • median nerve
136
Q

What does the anatomical snuffbox contain?

A

o Radial artery
o Superficial branch of the radial nerve
o Cephalic vein

137
Q

Pain in the anatomical snuffbox may be due to____

A
  • a fracture of the scaphoid bone
138
Q

The axillary nerve passes posteriorly through the____

A
  • quadrangular space
139
Q

What are the superior, inferior, lateral and medial borders of hr quadrangular space?

A
  • superior - teres minor
  • inferior - teres major
  • Medial - long head of triceps brachii
  • lateral - head of humerus
140
Q

What condition may occur if the radial nerve is damaged?

A
  • wrist drop

MSK (16 decks)

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