Anatomy Flashcards
What is the lower limb composed of?
Inguinal region Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot
What three muscles make up the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus Medius
- Gluteus Minimus
- Tensor fascia latae
What is the movement of the superficial gluteal muscles?
- Medial rotators
- Abductors
- Extensors
Explain Trendelenburg’s Gait
Stand on one leg, the unsupported leg will tip, pathology to the superior gluteal nerve
What muscles make up the deep gluteal muscles?
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus
- Gemelli
- Quadratus femoris
What is the movement of the deep gluteal muscles?
- Lateral rotators and hip stabilisers
What do nerves enter and exit the pelvis and perineum by?
- Greater and lesser sciatic foramen
Where does the sciatic nerve exit?
- L4-S3
Where does the pudendal nerve exit?
- S2-S4
Where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh exit?
- S1-S3
What does the sciatic nerve divide into and where does this usually occur?
- Divides into the tibial nerve, and the common fibular nerve
- usually superior to the popliteal fossa
What are the medial, lateral and superior aspects of the femoral triangle?
- Medial - adductor longus
- Lateral - sartorius
- Superior - Inguinal ligament
What are the contents within the femoral canal? Laterally to medial
- Femoral Nerve
- Femoral Artery
- Femoral Vein
- Lymphatics
What are the three compartments of the thigh?
- Anterior
- Medial
- Posterior
What are the muscles of the anterior thigh
- Pectineus
- Iliopsoas
- Sartorius
- Quadriceps femoris
What are the muscles of the medial thigh
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor magnus
- Gracillis
- Obturator externus
Main nerve supply to the anterior thigh?
- Femoral nerve
Main nerve supply to the medial thigh?
- Obturator nerve
What are the muscles of the posterior thigh?
- Semitendinosis
- Semimembranosus
- Biceps femoris
What is the main nerve supply to the posterior thigh?
- Tibial division of sciatic nerve
What muscles make up the anterior leg?
- tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallucis longus
- fibularis tertius
What is the main nerve supply to the anterior leg?
- Deep fibular nerve
What are the 3 compartments of the leg?
- Anterior
- Lateral
- Posterior
What are the muscles that make up the lateral leg?
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis
What is the main nerve supply to the lateral leg?
- Superficial fibular nerve
What are the muscles that make up the posterior leg?
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantars
- popliteus
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
- tibialis posterior
What is the nerve supply to the posterior leg?
- Tibial nerve
What are the boundaries to the popliteal fossa?
- Superolateral - biceps femoris
- Superomedially - semimembranosus
- Inferiorly - gastrocenemius
- Roof - Popliteal fascia
What is the contents of the popliteal fossa?
- Fat
- Terminal small saphenous vein
- Popliteal vessels
What muscles make up the hamstrings?
- Biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
What forms the muscular floor of the femoral triangle?
- iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially
What forms the roof of the femoral triangle?
- Fascia lata
- crimbriform fascia
Where does the femoral nerve innervate?
- L2-L4
What is enclosed within the femoral sheath?
- femoral artery and vein
What is not included in the femoral sheath?
- femoral nerve
- this lies laterally to the sheath
Femoral hernias are found ___ to the pubic tubercle
- inferolateral
What is the main blood supply to the head of the femur?
- Medial and lateral circumflex arteries
Where can the femoral artery be palpated?
- 3cm inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
What muscle is involved in the knee jerk reflex?
- quadriceps
Where does the lymph following the great saphenous vein drain?
- drains into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- then into external iliac node
Where does the lymph following the small saphenous vein drain?
- popliteal lymph nodes
- then into deep inguinal nodes
What is the iliotibial tract?
- thickening of the deep fascia of the thigh
- fascia lata
What is the name given to the muscular part of the fascia latae?
- Tensor fasciae latae
What nerve may be effected during childbirth?
- Pudendal nerve
How many out of the 4 hamstring muscles attach to the ischial tuberosity proximally?
- 3 out of the 4 muscles
What are the 4 muscles that make up the hamstrings?
- semimembranous
- semitendinosis
- short head biceps femoris
- long head biceps femoris
What is considered not a true hamstring?
- The short head biceps femoris
Why is the short head biceps femoris not considered a ‘true’ hamstring?
- Doesn’t attach to the ischial tuberosity and instead attaches to the linea aspera of the femur
- Has no effect on the hip joint
- supplies common fibular branch of sciatic nerve
What is the appearance of the semimembranous muscle?
- shiny membranous apperance
What increases the dept of the acetabulum?
- the acetabular labrum
What ligament may be ruptured during a hip dislocation?
- ligament of the head of the femur
What are the 3 different types of fascia?
- Superficial
- deep
- visceral
The fascia lata is what type of fascia?
- deep
Where does the fascia lata start and end?
- start - iliac crest
- ends - distal to bony prominences of the tibia
What are the three intermuscular septa and what gives rise to it?
- fascia lata divides
- anterior
- medial
- posterior
What are the 3 main functions of the iliotibial tract?
- movement
- compartmentalisation
- muscular sheath
What does ASIS stand for?
- anterior superior iliac spine
What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
- piriformis
- obturator internus
- superior and inferior gemelli
- quadratus femoris
What are the names of the muscles that make up the hip adductors? Medial thigh?
- adductor magnus
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis
- obturator externus
- gracilis
What is the genicular anastomoses?
- collateral blood supply to the knee joint, leg and foot
What is the action of the posterior leg muscles?
- plantar flex the ankle and toes
What does the gastrocnemius attach to distally?
- attach to the calcaneus via the achilles tendon
What does the ACL prevent?
- prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur and hyperextension
At what joint does pronation and supination occur?
- proximal and distal radioulnar joints
What does ‘congruency’ mean?
- shape of the articulating bones
Define subluxation?
- partial dislocation, where the articular surfaces are displaced
What are the 3 elbow ligaments?
- lateral collateral ligaments
- annular ligament
- medial collateral ligament
What innervates the deltoid muscle?
- axillary nerve
What innervates the teres major muscle?
- lower subscapular nerve
Why are the rotator cuff muscles important?
- stabilisers of the joint
- resist displacement of the humeral head
What are the compartments of the upper arm?
- anterior
- posterior
What are the muscles of the anterior arm?
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- coracobrachialis
What is the anterior muscles of the arm innervated by?
- musculocutaneous nerve
What is the action of the anterior muscles of the arm?
- flexion of the arm and forearm
What is the muscle of the posterior arm?
- Triceps brachii
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the upper arm?
- Radial nerve
What are the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?
- pronator teres
- flexor carpi radialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- palmaris longus
What is the muscles of the intermediate anterior forearm?
- flexor digitorum superficials
What are the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?
- flexor pollicis longus
- felox digiorum profundus
- pronator quadratus
What is the main nerve innervation to the anterior muscles of the forearm?
- median nerve
Actions of the anterior muscles of the forearm?
- flexion of the wrist and digits
- pronation of the forearm
Where does the brachial plexus originate
- C5-T1
What roots form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?
- C5
- C6
What forms the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
- the 3 posterior divisions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks
What cord does the musculocutaneous nerve divide from?
- lateral cord
What is the nemonic to remember for the order of the brachial plexus?
- Really (roots)
- Tired (trunk)
- Drink (divisions)
- Coffee (cords)
- Now (nerves)
What are the nerves from the brachial plexus
- musculocutaneous
- axillary
- radial
- median
- ulnar
Venae comitantes describes what?
- the veins of the upper limbs found at either side of the arteries
What are the 4 muscles that make up the rotar cuff muscles?
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subcapularis
What action does the posterior muscles of the forearm do?
- extensor
- supination
What are the posterior muscles of the forearm?
- brachioradialis
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- extensor carpir radialis longus
- Extensor digitorum
- Externsor digiti minimi
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- supiator
- extensor indicis
What is the origin + insertion of long head of biceps brachii?
- Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
- Radial tuberosity
What is the origin + insertion of short head of biceps brachii?
- Coracoid process of scapula
- Radial tuberosity
What is the nerve + arterial supply to biceps brachii?
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Brachial artery
What is the origin + insertion of coracobrachialis?
- Coracoid process of scapula
- Medial humerus
How many of each groups of vertebrae are there?
- Cervical (5)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacral (5)
- Coccyx (4)
What does the cervical vertebrae contain which is unique to them?
- bifid process
Each thoracic vertebrae has 2 ____
- demi facets
Name some abnormal curves of the spine?
- thoracic kyphosis
- lumbar lordosis
- ankylosing spondylitis
- scoliosis
The vertebral body forms the __anterior/posterior__ of each vertebrae?
- forms the anterior
The vertebral body is the weight bearing component
True/False?
- True
What lies between the transverse process and the spinous process?
- The lamina
What is the main muscle of the back called that is responsible for extension and flexion
Erector spinae
What lies in-between each vertebrae?
-Intervertebral joint
What is the cauda equina?
- Bundle of nerve roots
- Distal end of spinal cord
The extrinsic back muscles are made up of 2 layers, what are these?
- Superficial layer
- Intermediate layer
The intrinsic back muscles are made up of 3 layers, what are these?
- Superficial layer
- Deep layer
- Deepest layer
What type of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?
- synovial
- fibrous
Explain the role of the acetabular labrum?
- fibrocartilaginous rim along the margin of the acetabulum
- deepens the acetabulum
What are the 3 ligaments of the hip joint?
- iliofemoral
- ischiofemoral
- pubofemoral
What hip ligament is Y shaped?
- iliofemoral ligament
What is more common a posterior hip dislocation or an anterior hip dislocation?
- posterior hip
What is the risk of a posterior hip dislocation?
- damage to sciatic nerve
What would a posterior dislocated hip appear like?
- length
- rotation
- shorter
- medially rotate
Where does the sciatic nerve originate from?
- L4-S3
The sciatic nerve runs __anterior/posterior___ to the acetabulum?
- posterior
The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis through the __greater/lesser___ sciatic foramen?
- greater sciatic foramen
- inferior to the piriformis
Explain trendelenburg’s sign?
- inferior dropping of the contralateral hip when standing on one limb
- gluteus medius and minimus weakened
What are the 2 muscles which abduct the hip?
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- both insert into the greater trochanter of the femur
What is the primary blood supply to the hip joint?
- medial circumflex
Explain Maisonneuve fractures?
- fracture to the proximal fibular
- seperation of distal tibia and fibula causes rupture of tibiofibular syndesmosis
What holds the distal parts of the tibia and fibula together?
- tibiofibular syndesmosis
What may occur if the anterior lower leg is injured?
- deep fibular nerve damage
- impaired dorsiflexion
What may occur if the lateral lower leg is injured?
- superficial fibular nerve damage
- impaired eversion
Explain foot drop?
- due to dysfucntion of the anterior compartment muscles
- changes in gait
- high steppage and foot slap
What forms the shoulder girdle?
- scapula
- clavicle
- proximal humerus
- supporting muscles
What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
- supraspinous
- infraspinous
- teres minor
- subscapularis
Where does the subscapularis muscle insert?
- lesser tuberosity
Adhesive capsulitis is loss of ____ rotation
- external rotation
- aka. frozen shoulder
What muscle is involved in extension of the elbow?
- triceps muscle
What muscles is involved in flexion of the elbow?
- brachialis
- biceps
What muscles are involved in supination of the elbow?
- biceps
- supinator muscles
What muscles are involved in pronation of the elbow?
- pronator teres muscle
- pronator quadratus muscle
What forms the superior border of the cubital fossa?
- medial epicondyle
What does the cubital fossa contain?
- radial nerve
- biceps tendon
- brachial artery
- median nerve
What does the anatomical snuffbox contain?
o Radial artery
o Superficial branch of the radial nerve
o Cephalic vein
Pain in the anatomical snuffbox may be due to____
- a fracture of the scaphoid bone
The axillary nerve passes posteriorly through the____
- quadrangular space
What are the superior, inferior, lateral and medial borders of hr quadrangular space?
- superior - teres minor
- inferior - teres major
- Medial - long head of triceps brachii
- lateral - head of humerus
What condition may occur if the radial nerve is damaged?
- wrist drop
