Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

name the main component of CSF

A

water

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2
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

secretory epithelium of the choroid plexus

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3
Q

where does the CSF circulate?

A

subarachnoid space

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4
Q

where is CSF absorbed?

A

venous circulation

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5
Q

name the 3 major functions of CSF

A

mechanical protection
homeostatic function
circulation

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6
Q

clinical CSF analysis is obtained via what?

A

lumbar puncture

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7
Q

where in the brain is the choroid plexus found?

A

3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles

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8
Q

name the 4 ventricles

A

2 lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

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9
Q

what connects the lateral and third ventricle?

A

foramen of Monroe

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10
Q

what connects the third and fourth ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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11
Q

the foramen of Magendie is found on the ______ aperture connecting the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space whereas the foramina of _______ is found on the lateral apertures connecting the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space.

A

the foramen of Magendie is found on the MEDIAN aperture (single) connecting the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space whereas the foramina of LUSCHKA is found on the lateral apertures (pair) connecting the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space.

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12
Q

the subarachnoid space is found between the ___ and ____ _____

A

the subarachnoid space is found between the PIA and DURA MATER

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13
Q

name the following tumour pathology of the ventricles, choroid plexus and CSF:

(a) found at interventicular foramen
(b) arising from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles

A

(a) colloid cyst
(b) ependymomas

also choroid plexus tumours

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14
Q

name the following definitions:

(a) accummulation of blood in the ventricles
(b) arterial bleed between skull and dura
(c) venous bleed between dura and arachnoid

A

(a) ventricular haemorrhage
(b) epidural hematoma
(c) subdural hematoma

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15
Q

the following definitions describe what pathology:

accumulation of CSF in the ventricular system or around the brain (either due to obstruction or overproduction)

subsequent enlargement of one or more ventricles and increase in CSF pressure

A

hydrocephalus

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16
Q

name the enigmatic condition causing headache and visual disturbances but no imaging features of hydrocephalus despite increased CSF

A

idiopathic intracranial hypertension

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17
Q

define papilloedema

A

optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure transmitted to the subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve

18
Q

list the visual symptoms of a patient with papilloedema

A

enlarged blind spot
blurring of vision
visual obscurations
vision loss

19
Q

what does aqueous humour contain?

A

bicarbonate

20
Q

where is aqueous humour made? what chamber is this in?

A

epithelial layer of the ciliary body in posterior chamber of the eye

21
Q

where does aqueous humour drain once in the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

scleral venous sinus through a trabecular meshwork and the angle of Schlemm

22
Q

what drug reduces production of aqueous humour and is used to reduced ocular pressure in glaucoma?

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors -

dorzolamide (eye drops) avoiding systemic effects

acetazolomide (oral) also targets kidneys leading to acidosis

23
Q

name the 3 cells in the direct vertical pathway for signal transmission

A

photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

24
Q

what cells receive input from photoreceptors and project to other photoreceptors and bipolar cells?

A

horizontal cells

25
Q

what cells receive input from bipolar cells and project to ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and other amacrine cells?

A

amacrine cells

26
Q

photoreceptors convert ________________ radiation to ______ signals

A

photoreceptors convert ELECTROMAGNETIC radiation to NEURAL signals

27
Q

name the 2 types of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

28
Q

name the 4 main regions of photoreceptors

A

outer segment
inner segment
cell body
synaptic terminal

29
Q

with light exposure, Vm ________________!

A

with light exposure, Vm HYPERPOLARIZES!

30
Q

name the visual pigment molecules in rods

A

rhodopsin and opsin

31
Q

what converts 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal?

A

light

32
Q

lowered Na entry results in __________________

A

lowered Na entry results in HYPERPOLARIZATION

33
Q

there is more _________ in the dark and less of it in the light

A

there is more GLUTAMATE in the dark and less of it in the light

34
Q

define visual acuity

A

ability to distinguish 2 nearby points

35
Q

what is visual acuity determined by?

A

photoreceptor spacing and refractive power

36
Q

rods/cones are for seeing in dim light and rods/cones are for seeing in normal daylight

A
rods = dim
cones = normal
37
Q

there is more convergence in ___ system, increasing sensitivity while decreasing ______

A

there is more convergence in ROD system, increasing sensitivity while decreasing ACUITY

38
Q

name the colour for the following cones:

(a) short WL -
(b) middle WL -
(c) long WL -

A

(a) short WL - BLUE
(b) middle WL - GREEN
(c) long WL - RED

39
Q

what is the following explaining:

achromatic
peripheral retina
high convergence
high light sensitivity
low visual acuity
A

rods

40
Q

what is the following explaining:

chromatic
central retina (fovea)
low convergence
low light sensitivity
high visual acuity
A

cones