Pathology Flashcards
what are cataracts?
opacification within the lens
what increases the likelihood of cataracts?
cumulative UVB damage
hypertension
smoking
diabetes
genetic
define glaucoma
abnormal increase in pressure in the eye - vitreous and aqueous humour
what does the fluid normally drain through in the eye?
trabecular meshwork to the Schlemm canal
when does glaucoma occur?
blockage in the drainage through the trabecular meshwork or in the Canal of Schlemm
what 2 things are at risk of damage in increased pressure?
optic disc and optic nerve
name the 2 types of glaucoma
primary open angled glaucoma and angle closure glaucoma
name the most common form of glaucoma
primary open angled
what is the pathology in primary open angled glaucoma?
poor drainage through the trabecular meshwork
what is the pathology in angle closure glaucoma?
the drainage through the meshwork is patent but the iris is essentially opposed to anterior eye and fluid can’t get passed to the meshwork
which type of glaucoma has a slow onset and is screened for?
open
there is also a pharmaceutical therapy to slow it down by widening the canal
can closed glaucoma be an emergency?
yes - 1/3 are
what are signs and symptoms of closed glaucoma?
acute red eye
visual loss
headache
N&V
what is the treatment for emergency closed angle glaucoma?
laser through the iris
define papilloedema
swelling of the optic disc secondary to raised ICP
define conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
conjunctivitis is usually ______ in origin
conjunctivitis is usually VIRAL in origin
which is more rare and severe, scleritis or episcleritis?
scleritis
which is superficial and self limiting, scleritis or episcleritis?
episcleritis
which is associated with pain on movement and autoimmune aetiology - SLE, HLA B27, scleritis or episcleritis?
scleritis
name the two types of MD
dry and wet
what does wet MD have?
vascular proliferation
what is seen through a ophthalmoscope in someone with ARMD?
drusen - protein and lipid and inflammatory mediators
in wet ARMD, there is neovascularisation in the _______
in wet ARMD, there is neovascularisation in the CHOROID
what is wet ARMD mediated by?
VEGF
wet ARMD treatment?
monoclonal antibodies against VEGF
what does hyperglycaemia do to the eye?
changes the osmotic pressures in the anterior chamber of the eye infant of the lens
what can be seen in the pupils of someone with diabetes?
argyll robertson pupil
peripheral neuropathy
often called prostitutes pupil in the past
diabetes can cause cataracts
true or false?
true
increased sugar in the lens causes conversion of glucose to sorbitol, altering the osmotic gradients causing swelling and fibre disruption
what is seen in rubeotic glaucoma?
new vessel formation obstructing the angle
