Pathology

Question 1

what are cataracts?

Answer 1

opacification within the lens

Question 2

what increases the likelihood of cataracts?

Answer 2

cumulative UVB damage

hypertension
smoking
diabetes
genetic

Question 3

define glaucoma

Answer 3

abnormal increase in pressure in the eye - vitreous and aqueous humour

Question 4

what does the fluid normally drain through in the eye?

Answer 4

trabecular meshwork to the Schlemm canal

Question 5

when does glaucoma occur?

Answer 5

blockage in the drainage through the trabecular meshwork or in the Canal of Schlemm

Question 6

what 2 things are at risk of damage in increased pressure?

Answer 6

optic disc and optic nerve

Question 7

name the 2 types of glaucoma

Answer 7

primary open angled glaucoma and angle closure glaucoma

Question 8

name the most common form of glaucoma

Answer 8

primary open angled

Question 9

what is the pathology in primary open angled glaucoma?

Answer 9

poor drainage through the trabecular meshwork

Question 10

what is the pathology in angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 10

the drainage through the meshwork is patent but the iris is essentially opposed to anterior eye and fluid can’t get passed to the meshwork

Question 11

which type of glaucoma has a slow onset and is screened for?

Answer 11

open

there is also a pharmaceutical therapy to slow it down by widening the canal

Question 12

can closed glaucoma be an emergency?

Answer 12

yes - 1/3 are

Question 13

what are signs and symptoms of closed glaucoma?

Answer 13

acute red eye
visual loss
headache
N&V

Question 14

what is the treatment for emergency closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 14

laser through the iris

Question 15

define papilloedema

Answer 15

swelling of the optic disc secondary to raised ICP

Question 16

define conjunctivitis

Answer 16

inflammation of the conjunctiva

Question 17

conjunctivitis is usually ______ in origin

Answer 17

conjunctivitis is usually VIRAL in origin

Question 18

which is more rare and severe, scleritis or episcleritis?

Answer 18

scleritis

Question 19

which is superficial and self limiting, scleritis or episcleritis?

Answer 19

episcleritis

Question 20

which is associated with pain on movement and autoimmune aetiology - SLE, HLA B27, scleritis or episcleritis?

Answer 20

scleritis

Question 21

name the two types of MD

Answer 21

dry and wet

Question 22

what does wet MD have?

Answer 22

vascular proliferation

Question 23

what is seen through a ophthalmoscope in someone with ARMD?

Answer 23

drusen - protein and lipid and inflammatory mediators

Question 24

in wet ARMD, there is neovascularisation in the _______

Answer 24

in wet ARMD, there is neovascularisation in the CHOROID

Question 25

what is wet ARMD mediated by?

Answer 25

VEGF

Question 26

wet ARMD treatment?

Answer 26

monoclonal antibodies against VEGF

Question 27

what does hyperglycaemia do to the eye?

Answer 27

changes the osmotic pressures in the anterior chamber of the eye infant of the lens

Question 28

what can be seen in the pupils of someone with diabetes?

Answer 28

argyll robertson pupil
peripheral neuropathy

often called prostitutes pupil in the past

Question 29

diabetes can cause cataracts

true or false?

Answer 29

true

increased sugar in the lens causes conversion of glucose to sorbitol, altering the osmotic gradients causing swelling and fibre disruption

Question 30

what is seen in rubeotic glaucoma?

Answer 30

new vessel formation obstructing the angle