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Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

topical drugs of the eye require _______ penetration

A

topical drugs of the eye require CORNEAL penetration

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2
Q

look at the cornea as a _____:_____:_____ sandwich

A

look at the cornea as a LIPID:WATER:LIPID sandwich

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3
Q

corneal penetration is good for ___ drugs

A

corneal penetration is good for LMW drugs

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4
Q

the epithelium is lipophilic/hydrophilic and and the storm is lipophilic/hydrophilic

A

epithelium = lipophilic

stroma = hydrophilic

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5
Q

_____ soluble drugs penetrate the epithelium

_____ soluble drugs penetrate the stroma

A

LIPID soluble drugs penetrate the epithelium

WATER soluble drugs penetrate the stroma

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6
Q

name the antibiotic that has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties and can penetrate the cornea easily

A

Chloramphenicol

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7
Q

hydrophilic/phobic drugs are limited by the epithelium

hydrophilic/phobic drugs are limited by the stroma

A

HYDROPHILIC drugs are limited by the epithelium

HYDROPHOBIC drugs are limited by the stroma

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8
Q

what drugs have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic capability?

A

topical steroids

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9
Q

the addition of what makes a steroid more hydrophobic?

A

alcohol or acetate

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10
Q

the addition of what makes a steroid more hydrophilic?

A

phosphate

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11
Q

prednisolone _______ is hydro______ and so has ____ penetration in an __________ cornea and is used post-operatively (cataracts)

A

prednisolone ACETATE is hydroPHOBIC and so has GOOD penetration in an UNINFLAMED cornea and is used post-operatively (cataracts)

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12
Q

prednisolone _______ is hydro______ and so has ____ penetration in an __________ cornea and is used for ______ disease

A

prednisolone PHOSPHATE is hydroPHILIC and so has POOR penetration in an UNINFLAMED cornea and is used for DORNEA disease

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13
Q

what is benzalkonium added to eye drops for?

A

keep the bottle sterile and enhances corneal penetration

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14
Q

benzalkonium is a ____________

A

benzalkonium is a PRESERVATIVE

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15
Q

name 4 other routes of administration related to the eye

A

subconjunctival
subtenons
intravitreal
intracameral

first 2 for steroids in uveitis

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16
Q

name 2 drugs used to treat infection of the eye

A

chloramphenical

zovirax

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17
Q

name 2 drugs used to treat inflammation of the eye

A

predsol-N
maxidex - dexamethasone

steroids
topical NSAIDs
anti-histamines
mast cell stabilisers

18
Q

steroids are used to suppress ____________ and immune _________

A

steroids are used to suppress INFLAMMATION and immune RESPONSES

19
Q

steroids are used topically in:

(a) post op _________
(b) ?
(c) prevent _______ _____ _________

A

steroids are used topically in:

(a) post op CATARACTS
(b) UVEITIS
(c) prevent CORNEAL GRAFT REJECTION

20
Q

drug used to treat someone with temporal arteritis

A

high dose corticosteroid such as prednisolone

21
Q

list the local and systemic side effects of steroids

A

local:

cataract
glaucoma
exacerbation of viral infection

systemic:

gastric ulceration
immunosuppression
osteoporosis
weight gain (moon face)
diabetes...
22
Q

what drug is good for pain relief in post refractive laser if local anaesthetic cannot be used?

A

NSAIDs

23
Q

define glaucoma

A

a group of diseases characterised by a progressive optic neuropathy resulting in characteristic fields defects

24
Q

what is the only current modifiable risk factor in glaucoma?

A

raised IOP

25
Q

name the 5 types of glaucoma medication

A
  1. prostanoids - latanoprost
  2. beta blockers
  3. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - dorzolamide
  4. alpha2 adrenergic agonists - brimonidine
  5. parasympathomimetic - pilocarpine
26
Q

for each of the following glaucoma medications, name whether they ‘open the drain’ or whether they ‘turn off the tap’:

  1. prostanoids - latanoprost
  2. beta blockers
  3. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - dorzolamide
  4. alpha2 adrenergic agonists - brimonidine
  5. parasympathomimetic - pilocarpine
A
  1. prostanoids - latanoprost - OTD
  2. beta blockers - TOT
  3. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - dorzolamide - TOT
  4. alpha2 adrenergic agonists - brimonidine TOT AND OTD
  5. parasympathomimetic - pilocarpine - OTD
27
Q

what are intravitreal injections used for?

A
  1. antibiotics in endophthalmitis
  2. intra-ocular steroids
  3. anti-VEGF in wet ARMD
28
Q

pus at the bottom of the cornea is called what? what is it seen in?

A

hypopyon

endopthalmitis

29
Q

what diagnostic dye is used in corneal abrasion? what else is it used in?

A

fluorescein

dendritic ulcer
nasolacrimal duct obstruction
tonometry
angiography
identify leaks
30
Q

what is tropicamide and cyclopentolate?

A

mydriatics - block parasympathetics so causes pupil dilation

31
Q

sudden onset of high IOP with vomiting

diagnosis?

A

closed angled glaucoma

32
Q

what do sympathomimetics do?

A

dilate the pupil

some cause cycloplegia - atropine

33
Q

what do you not give to herpetic keratitis?

A

steroids!

34
Q

what important drug constricts fields?

A

vigabatrin

35
Q

what drug can cause cataract?

A

steroids

36
Q

what drug can cause optic neuropathy?

A

ethambutol - for TB

37
Q

what drug can cause a vortex myopathy?

A

amiodarone

38
Q

what drug can cause maculopathy?

A

chloroquine

39
Q

remember some people may be ________ to eye drops

A

remember some people may be ALLERGIC to eye drops

40
Q

define cycloplegia

A

paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye

Ophthalmology (13 decks)

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