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RB Y1 Principles > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell membrane primarily composed of

A

phospholipids

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2
Q

phospholipid head and tail

A

head - hydrophobic

tail hydrophilic

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3
Q

what does cholesterol do to the membrane

A

stiffens/hardens it

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4
Q

what substances can cross the phospholipid bilayer easily

A

uncharged polar molecules e.g. O2, CO2, water and NH3

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5
Q

what is response for the fluidity of the membrane

A

lipid bilayer

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6
Q

name a ligand binding receptor

A

hormone receptor

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7
Q

what are adhesion molecules important in

A

regulating cell shape, growth and differentiation - allowing cell to adapt to its immediate surrounding

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8
Q

what is a glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate and lipid layer that surrounds some cells

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9
Q

what serves as self identity markers in cells

A

membrane carbohydrates

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10
Q

what are aquaporins

A

water channels

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11
Q

define tonicity

A

the effect a solution has on cell volume

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12
Q

what effect does overheating have

A

protein denaturation, nerve malfunction, convulsion

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13
Q

what effect does dec body temp have

A

slow down cellular reactions and metabolism

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14
Q

normal ear drum temp range

A

35.5 - 37.5

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15
Q

normal rectal temp range

A

36.7-37.5

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16
Q

when will you have your lowest body temperature

A

morning

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17
Q

what effect does menstruating have on your temp

A

higher during the 2nd half cycle

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18
Q

BMR

A

minimum amount of energy needed to sustain vital body functions

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19
Q

what effect do adrenaline and thyroxine etc have on BMR

A

inc it

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20
Q

what fat do children and hibernating animals have high level of

A

brown

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21
Q

what does brown adipose tissue contain

A

UCP

22
Q

what does brown adipose tissue do

A

generate heat by short circuiting the mitochondrial battery - non shivering thermogenesis

23
Q

which part of the hypothalamic centre is activated by cold

A

posterior

24
Q

which part of the hypothalamic centre is activated by warmth

A

anterior

25
Q

what is a pyrogen

A

a substance that produces fever

26
Q

define fever

A

temp > 38 C

27
Q

define hyperthermia

A

temp >40

28
Q

define hypothermia

A

temp <35

29
Q

what does heat exposure do to muscle tone

A

decrease it

30
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of a typical nerve cell

A

-70mV

31
Q

what equation can be used to calculate the equilibrium potential

A

Nernst

32
Q

what equation can be used to calculate the membrane potential

A

goldman hodgkin katz

33
Q

which type of diabetes is ketosis common in

A

type 1

34
Q

what hormones are released from the adrenal gland is response to stress

A

adrenaline and cortisol

35
Q

define MAP

A

the average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle

36
Q

length of diastolic portion in comparison to systolic

A

diastolic is twice as long

37
Q

normal MAP range

A

70-105mmHg

38
Q

lower MABP needs to perfuse organs

A

60mmHg

39
Q

where are the baroreceptors locate

A

aortic arch and carotid sinus

40
Q

what are baroreceptors responsive to

A

stretch

41
Q

what happens when baroreceptors are stimulated

A

parasympathetic stimulation the heart

42
Q

MABP equation

A

MABP = CO x TPR

43
Q

CO =

A

HR x SV

44
Q

define SV

A

vol of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart per heart beat

45
Q

define TPR

A

sum of resistance of all peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation

46
Q

define AUTORHYTHMICITY

A

heart able to beat in the absence of external stimuli

47
Q

how is intrinsic control of SV controlled

A

frank starling mechanisms

48
Q

what are the main resistance vessels

A

arterioles

49
Q

what is vasomotor tone

A

vascular smooth muscles partially constricted at rest

50
Q

what is the vasomotor tone caused by

A

tonic discharge of sympa nerves resulting in continuous release of noradrenaline

51
Q

what are the only smooth muscles that have parasympathetic innervation

A

penis and clitoris

52
Q

what type of changes do baroreceptors only respond to and why

A

acute changes in BP

they reset and will only fire again if there is a new acute change in MAP above the new steady state level

RB Y1 Principles (16 decks)

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