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RB Y1 Principles > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

define pharmacodynamics

A

what a drug does to the body

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2
Q

define pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to a drug e.g. absorption, metabolism

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3
Q

define efficacy

A

the ability of an agonist to evoke a cellular response

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4
Q

define oral availability

A

the fraction of the drug the reaches the systemic circulation after oral ingestion

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5
Q

define systemic availability

A

the fraction of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation after absorption

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6
Q

what is the systemic availability of drugs administered IV

A

100%

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7
Q

what can IV administration result in

A

high levels of drug at heart

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8
Q

what route of drug administration is frequently used for nocturnal

A

rectal

also when oral route compromised e.g. nausea and vomiting or unconscious

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9
Q

what is infrequently used in the UK

A

rectal

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10
Q

which route totally avoid first pass metabolism

A

IV, buccal and sublingual

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11
Q

what is the route for drugs that cause local tissue damamge

A

IV

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12
Q

what route allows rapid onset of lipid soluble drugs

A

IM

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13
Q

what route is good for volatile compounds

A

inhalation

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14
Q

what route is ideal for local effect

A

topical

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15
Q

what route can produce a smooth plasma concentration

A

transdermal

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16
Q

what drugs can move freely by diffusion

A

ionised drugs of low molecular weight that are not bound to protein

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17
Q

where does the absorption of oral drugs mainly occur

A

small intestine

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18
Q

what is the volume of distribution of a drug

A

the apparent volume in which it is dissolved

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19
Q

describe first order kinetics

A

rate of eliminations is directly proportional to drug concentration

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20
Q

define clearance

A

the volume of plasma created of drug in unit time

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21
Q

what does clearance only apply to

A

1st order kinetics

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22
Q

what does clearance determine

A

the maintenance dose rate

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23
Q

define steady state

A

rate of drug administration = rate of drug elimination

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24
Q

how many half lives does it take to reach steady state in 1st order kinetic drugs

A

5 half lives

25
Q

define loading dose

A

initial higher dose of a drug given at the beginning of a course of treatment before stepping down to a lower maintenance dose

26
Q

reason for LD

A

dec time to steady sate for drugs with long half lives

27
Q

define zero order kinetics

A

drug initially eliminated at a constant rate, and then converted to 1st order at lower conc

28
Q

zero order also called

A

saturation kinetics

29
Q

what drugs exhibit 0 order kinetics

A

ethanol and phenytoin

30
Q

define xenobiotic

A

substance that is foreign to the body

31
Q

what drug is converte from inactive prodrug to active compounds

A

enalapril to enalaprilat

32
Q

what drug gains activity

A

codeine to morphine

33
Q

what drugs has unchanged activity

A

diazepam to nordiazepam

34
Q

what does phase 1 in the liver do

A

make rug more polar

e.g. oxidation reduction, hydrolysis

35
Q

what does phase 2 in the liver do

A

conjugation e.g. methyl group

36
Q

what type proteins are cytochrome p450

A

haem proteins

37
Q

what reactions do p450 mediate

A

oxidation

38
Q

describe the monooxygenase p450 cycle

A

drug enters the cycle and leaves as hydroxy product

39
Q

define glucoronidation

A

transfer glucoronic acid to electron rich atoms of the substrate

40
Q

define hyperpolatisation

A

the membrane potential becomes more negative

41
Q

why does Na move inward

A

conc and electrical gradient is inward

42
Q

why does K move outward

A

conc gradient > electrical gradient

43
Q

define absolue refractory period

A

no stimulus can elicit a second action potential

44
Q

define relative refractory period

A

stronger than normal stimulus can elicit a second AP

45
Q

define saltatory conduction

A

in myelinated axons AP jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

46
Q

what effect does Guillan Barree have on nerve conduction

A

slows it

47
Q

where in the AP does the absolute RP occur

A

downstroke

48
Q

where in the AP does the relative RP occur

A

undershoot

49
Q

how do impulses spread in non myelinated axons

A

passively

50
Q

postganglionic neurotransmitter in sympathetic division

A

noradrenaline

51
Q

sympathetic outflow

A

T1-L2

thoracolumbar

52
Q

why is the sympathetic innervation of the adrenal gland special

A

pre-ganglionic (mediated by ACh)

53
Q

parasympathetic outflow

A

CN III, VII, IX and X and sacral spina nerves

cranioscarl outflow

54
Q

how many subunits do nicotinic ACh receptors consist of

A

5

55
Q

para - M1 pathway

A

Gq - stimulates PLC - inc acid secretion

56
Q

para - M2 pathway

A

Gi - inhibit AC and open K channels - dec HR

57
Q

para - M3 pathway

A

Gq - stimulate PLC - inc salivary gland secretion and contraction

58
Q

amphetamine action

A

causes the release of transmitter from sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones in a manner that doesn’t require the opening of presynaptically located voltage activated Ca channels

RB Y1 Principles (16 decks)

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