pathology Flashcards
what is the double hit hypothesis
one working gene is enough, two faulty copies are required to have a functional problem
what is the double hit hypothesis also known as
Knudson hypothesis
what are beta napthyline associated with
bladder cancers
what does radiation cause
formation of pyridime dimers in DNA - repair mechanisms overwhelmed
oxidative stress with the production of free radicals
what does HPV cause
cervical head and neck cancer
what does EBV cause
burkitt lymphoma, B cell lymphoma hodgkin lymhoma
what can chronic inflammation cause
lymphomas - constant lymphocyte production leads to errors
other caused as tissue is replicating so much it is unstable
what does obesity inc the risk of
renal cell carcinoma
what are the weinberg hallmarks
Increase growth signals Remove growth suppression Avoid apoptosis Achieve immortality Become invasive Make your own blood supply (angiogenesis) \+ loss of cellular DNA spell checking
is hypoplasia reversible
NO
what is hypoplasia
failure of organ development
what do matrix metalloproteinases do
degrade matrix proteins
how do carcinomas spread
lymphatic route
how do sarcomas spread
blood route
what is a proto oncogene
normal gene that could become an oncogene
what is angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels
what is the reason for angiogenesis
supply O2 and nutrients to injured tissue
what is a GF involved in angiogenesis
VEGF
what does VEGF do
new vessel formation and inc leakiness of cells - endothelial cells contract creating gaps between them
what are the 3 categories of growth receptors
receptors with intrinsic tryrosin kinase activity
7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptors
receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
what is gardners syndrome
FAP with fibromatosis (benign soft tissue tumours) and osteomas.
what is JAK 2 associated with
haematological malignancies
what does p53 do to p21
inc it levels - p21 is a CDK inhibitor
via what pathway does p53 initiate apoptosis
BAX
what does PTEN do
inc transcription of p27
what does p27 do
block CDK s and cell cycle progression
what does BAX do
stop BCL2 - anti-apoptoic
in lymphomas what happens to BCL2
switched on - chromosome 18
are encaspulated lesions benign or malignant
benign
what is a benign squamous lesion called
squamous papilloma
what is a malignant squamous lesion called
squamous carcinoma
skeletal muscle
rhabdo
smooth muscle
leio
tumour in CNS
glioma
what is an ephelis
freckle
what is a naevus
mole
is melanoma malignant
yes
what does Tis mean
carcinoma in situ
what does T 1 mean
limtied to mucosa and submucosa
T2
through muscularis propria
T3
to subserosa
T4
to distant organs
N1
up to 3 lymph nodes involved
N2
> 3 lymph nodes involved
what is the nottingham diagnostic index for
breast cancer prognosis
what is weight loss in cancer known as
cachexia
name 3 tumour suppressor genes
p53/APC/BRCA1
what is desmoplasia
growth of connective of fibrous tissue
what can hypermethylation do
silence tumour suppressors and cause cancer
what are some metabolic alterations in cancer development
anaerobic glycolysis - switch from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
what is the Up-regulation of anaerobic glycolysis in cancer cells called
warburg effect
