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RB Y1 Principles > pathology > Flashcards

pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the double hit hypothesis

A

one working gene is enough, two faulty copies are required to have a functional problem

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2
Q

what is the double hit hypothesis also known as

A

Knudson hypothesis

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3
Q

what are beta napthyline associated with

A

bladder cancers

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4
Q

what does radiation cause

A

formation of pyridime dimers in DNA - repair mechanisms overwhelmed

oxidative stress with the production of free radicals

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5
Q

what does HPV cause

A

cervical head and neck cancer

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6
Q

what does EBV cause

A

burkitt lymphoma, B cell lymphoma hodgkin lymhoma

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7
Q

what can chronic inflammation cause

A

lymphomas - constant lymphocyte production leads to errors

other caused as tissue is replicating so much it is unstable

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8
Q

what does obesity inc the risk of

A

renal cell carcinoma

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9
Q

what are the weinberg hallmarks

A 
Increase growth signals
Remove growth suppression
Avoid apoptosis
Achieve immortality
Become invasive
Make  your own blood supply (angiogenesis)
\+ loss of cellular DNA spell checking
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10
Q

is hypoplasia reversible

A

NO

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11
Q

what is hypoplasia

A

failure of organ development

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12
Q

what do matrix metalloproteinases do

A

degrade matrix proteins

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13
Q

how do carcinomas spread

A

lymphatic route

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14
Q

how do sarcomas spread

A

blood route

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15
Q

what is a proto oncogene

A

normal gene that could become an oncogene

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16
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

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17
Q

what is the reason for angiogenesis

A

supply O2 and nutrients to injured tissue

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18
Q

what is a GF involved in angiogenesis

A

VEGF

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19
Q

what does VEGF do

A

new vessel formation and inc leakiness of cells - endothelial cells contract creating gaps between them

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20
Q

what are the 3 categories of growth receptors

A

receptors with intrinsic tryrosin kinase activity
7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptors
receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

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21
Q

what is gardners syndrome

A

FAP with fibromatosis (benign soft tissue tumours) and osteomas.

22
Q

what is JAK 2 associated with

A

haematological malignancies

23
Q

what does p53 do to p21

A

inc it levels - p21 is a CDK inhibitor

24
Q

via what pathway does p53 initiate apoptosis

A

BAX

25
Q

what does PTEN do

A

inc transcription of p27

26
Q

what does p27 do

A

block CDK s and cell cycle progression

27
Q

what does BAX do

A

stop BCL2 - anti-apoptoic

28
Q

in lymphomas what happens to BCL2

A

switched on - chromosome 18

29
Q

are encaspulated lesions benign or malignant

A

benign

30
Q

what is a benign squamous lesion called

A

squamous papilloma

31
Q

what is a malignant squamous lesion called

A

squamous carcinoma

32
Q

skeletal muscle

A

rhabdo

33
Q

smooth muscle

A

leio

34
Q

tumour in CNS

A

glioma

35
Q

what is an ephelis

A

freckle

36
Q

what is a naevus

A

mole

37
Q

is melanoma malignant

A

yes

38
Q

what does Tis mean

A

carcinoma in situ

39
Q

what does T 1 mean

A

limtied to mucosa and submucosa

40
Q

T2

A

through muscularis propria

41
Q

T3

A

to subserosa

42
Q

T4

A

to distant organs

43
Q

N1

A

up to 3 lymph nodes involved

44
Q

N2

A

> 3 lymph nodes involved

45
Q

what is the nottingham diagnostic index for

A

breast cancer prognosis

46
Q

what is weight loss in cancer known as

A

cachexia

47
Q

name 3 tumour suppressor genes

A

p53/APC/BRCA1

48
Q

what is desmoplasia

A

growth of connective of fibrous tissue

49
Q

what can hypermethylation do

A

silence tumour suppressors and cause cancer

50
Q

what are some metabolic alterations in cancer development

A

anaerobic glycolysis - switch from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

what is the Up-regulation of anaerobic glycolysis in cancer cells called

A

warburg effect

RB Y1 Principles (16 decks)

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