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RB Y1 Principles > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is involved in anti viral immunity

A

interferons

antibodies

NK cells

cytotoxic T cells

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2
Q

what is involved in antihelminth immunity

A

mast cells and antibodies

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3
Q

what is the main source of TNF alpha

A

macrophages

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4
Q

what does TNF alpha do

A

induce fever and neutrophil chemotaxis

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5
Q

what is the main source of IFN gamma

A

Th1

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6
Q

what does interferon gamma do

A

activate macrophages

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7
Q

what does IL5 do

A

stimulate production of eosinophils

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8
Q

IL4

A

production and proliferation of B cells

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9
Q

what are antibodies produced by

A

antigen activated B cells

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10
Q

what are Nk cells

A

large granular lymphocytes

Induce apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells

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11
Q

what are B cells involved in

A

production and secretion of antibodies

humoral immune response

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12
Q

Macrophages in liver

A

Kupffer cells

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13
Q

Macrophages in lung

A

alveolar Macrophages - dust cells

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14
Q

Macrophages in kidney

A

mesangial cells

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15
Q

Macrophages in nervous system

A

microglial cells

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16
Q

dendritic cells

A

role in antigen presentation to T cells

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17
Q

where are dendritic cells present normally

A

in peripheral tissues in an immature state

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18
Q

what happens in primary lymphoid tissue

A

WBC (leucocyte) development

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19
Q

what happens in secondary lymphoid tissue

A

adaptive immune response initiated - contain T and B cells and dendritic cells

20
Q

what does MHC bind to

A

TCR

21
Q

what does C40 bind to

A

CD40L

22
Q

what does TLR4 bind to

A

LPS (pathogen from Gram neg bacteria)

23
Q

what do pathogens express

A

PAMPS

24
Q

what do innate immune cells express

A

PRR

25
Q

what bacteria can evade phagolysosome killing

A

salmonella and s aureus (superactivation of macrophages induces killing)

mycobacterium

26
Q

what does phagolysosome involve

A

acidification and lysosomal hydrolases

27
Q

what effect do pro inflammatory cytokines have on macrophages

A

enhance their action - inc production of ROS and RNS species and inc antigen presentation

28
Q

what is the acute phase response

A

changes in plasma conc of specific proteins in response to inflammation

29
Q

name an acute phase protein

A

CRP

30
Q

what is CRP

A

a pentraxin - 5 identical subunits

31
Q

what are the systemic responses of the acute inflammation

A

fever, neutrophilia and APR

32
Q

what mediates the rolling of neutrophils along the endothelium

A

weak binding to selectin

33
Q

what do neutrophils bind strongly to on the endothelium

A

ICAM-1/VCAM-1 - integrins

34
Q

what is diapedesis

A

neutrophils squeeze through cells

35
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

neutrophils migrate to site of inflammation

36
Q

what do neutrophils do without inflammation

A

circulate in the blood

37
Q

how do neutrophils kill

A

antimicrobial proteins and NADPH oxidase dependent mechanisms (production of ROS)

38
Q

what are neutrophil extracellular traps

A

neutrophils release intracellular structures into the extracellular environment

39
Q

what do NETs do

A

immobiise pathogens and prevent them from spreading and facilitate their phagocytosis

40
Q

name 3 opsonins

A

CRP
IgG/M
C3b

41
Q

what are anaphlyatoxins and name 2

A

C3a and C5a

promote inflammation

42
Q

where are B adn T cells produced

A

bone marrow

43
Q

how do naive T and B cells enter lymph nodes

A

transendothelial migration

44
Q

what is the bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune system

A

dendritic cells

45
Q

which antibody is involved in foetal immune protection

A

IgG

46
Q

what does opsonisation do

A

enhance phagocytosis especially in encapsulated bacteria

47
Q

what does IL12 do

A

Activates NK cells and stimulates differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells

RB Y1 Principles (16 decks)

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