immunology Flashcards
what is involved in anti viral immunity
interferons
antibodies
NK cells
cytotoxic T cells
what is involved in antihelminth immunity
mast cells and antibodies
what is the main source of TNF alpha
macrophages
what does TNF alpha do
induce fever and neutrophil chemotaxis
what is the main source of IFN gamma
Th1
what does interferon gamma do
activate macrophages
what does IL5 do
stimulate production of eosinophils
IL4
production and proliferation of B cells
what are antibodies produced by
antigen activated B cells
what are Nk cells
large granular lymphocytes
Induce apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells
what are B cells involved in
production and secretion of antibodies
humoral immune response
Macrophages in liver
Kupffer cells
Macrophages in lung
alveolar Macrophages - dust cells
Macrophages in kidney
mesangial cells
Macrophages in nervous system
microglial cells
dendritic cells
role in antigen presentation to T cells
where are dendritic cells present normally
in peripheral tissues in an immature state
what happens in primary lymphoid tissue
WBC (leucocyte) development
what happens in secondary lymphoid tissue
adaptive immune response initiated - contain T and B cells and dendritic cells
what does MHC bind to
TCR
what does C40 bind to
CD40L
what does TLR4 bind to
LPS (pathogen from Gram neg bacteria)
what do pathogens express
PAMPS
what do innate immune cells express
PRR
what bacteria can evade phagolysosome killing
salmonella and s aureus (superactivation of macrophages induces killing)
mycobacterium
what does phagolysosome involve
acidification and lysosomal hydrolases
what effect do pro inflammatory cytokines have on macrophages
enhance their action - inc production of ROS and RNS species and inc antigen presentation
what is the acute phase response
changes in plasma conc of specific proteins in response to inflammation
name an acute phase protein
CRP
what is CRP
a pentraxin - 5 identical subunits
what are the systemic responses of the acute inflammation
fever, neutrophilia and APR
what mediates the rolling of neutrophils along the endothelium
weak binding to selectin
what do neutrophils bind strongly to on the endothelium
ICAM-1/VCAM-1 - integrins
what is diapedesis
neutrophils squeeze through cells
what is chemotaxis
neutrophils migrate to site of inflammation
what do neutrophils do without inflammation
circulate in the blood
how do neutrophils kill
antimicrobial proteins and NADPH oxidase dependent mechanisms (production of ROS)
what are neutrophil extracellular traps
neutrophils release intracellular structures into the extracellular environment
what do NETs do
immobiise pathogens and prevent them from spreading and facilitate their phagocytosis
name 3 opsonins
CRP
IgG/M
C3b
what are anaphlyatoxins and name 2
C3a and C5a
promote inflammation
where are B adn T cells produced
bone marrow
how do naive T and B cells enter lymph nodes
transendothelial migration
what is the bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune system
dendritic cells
which antibody is involved in foetal immune protection
IgG
what does opsonisation do
enhance phagocytosis especially in encapsulated bacteria
what does IL12 do
Activates NK cells and stimulates differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells
