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SM Renal > Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What foreign compounds do the kidneys excrete

A

Drugs and their metabolites
food additives
pesticides

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2
Q

What metabolic waste do the kidneys excrete

A

Urea, bilirubin and uric acid

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3
Q

What is bilirubin a byproduct of

A

Haemoglobin

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4
Q

What is uric acid a byproduct of

A

purine metabolism

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5
Q

What is urea a byproduct of

A

protein metabolism

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6
Q

Why can we never completely turn of urine production

A

we have to get rid of some metabolic wastes in the solution

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7
Q

What does renin do

A

control the renin-angiotensin system and controls arterial blood pressure

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8
Q

What do we do in response to hypoxia

A

Increase the secretion of erythropoietin to bring about more RBC production

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9
Q

Why do we need calcitriol

A

To stimulate calcium absorption in the GI tract

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10
Q

How is vitamin D converted into Calcitriol

A

The OH group added by either the liver or by cells in the kidney

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11
Q

What is the primary function o the kidney

A

to regulate the volume, composition and osmolarity of the body fluids

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12
Q

How do we maintain homeostasis in the body

A

Input = Output

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13
Q

What is the major loss of water from the body

A

Urine

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14
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

Between T12 and L3

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15
Q

What helps the smooth muscle of the ureter to propel urine for the kidney down to the bladder

A

Peristalsis

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16
Q

What does the urinary bladder act as

A

A temporary store vessel for urine until there is an appropriate time to expel the urine

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17
Q

What is the renal medulla made up of

A

several renal pyramids

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18
Q

What appearance does the renal cortex have

A

granulated appearance

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19
Q

How much do the kidneys receive of the cardiac output

A

20-25%

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20
Q

What appearance does the renal medulla have

A

Striped or striated

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21
Q

What is a nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney

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22
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have

A

about 1 million

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23
Q

What are the 3 functional mechanisms of the nephron

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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24
Q

What does the filtration form

A

the initial tubular fluid at the start of the nephron

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25
Q

What does the tubular fluid lack compared to the plasma

A

The large plasma proteins and red blood cells

26
Q

Describe the vascular supply to the nephron

A

Initially an afferent arteriole which subdivides into a glomerulus (tuft) which then drains back into an efferent arteriole
Unique to anywhere else in the body

27
Q

Where does the blood go after passing through the peritubular capillaries

A

Renal vein

28
Q

What is the tubular component of the nephrons made up

A

single epithelial cell wall

29
Q

What happens between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerular filtration

30
Q

What is the loop of Henle made up of

A

descending and then ascending limbs

31
Q

How can the tubular fluid be modified

A

Through reabsorption and secretion of molecules into the tubules

32
Q

What happens when the tubular fluid leaves the collecting duct and why

A

It is then called urine and no further modification can occur here

33
Q

What are the 2 different types of nephrons in the kidney

A

Cortical (most common)

Juxtamedullary (20%)

34
Q

What are the 2 main differences between the Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary have a very long loop of Henle

and they have a single network of capillaries (Vasa recta) whereas the cortical nephron have peritubular capillaries

35
Q

What causes the renal medulla to have the striated appearance

A

Loads of Nephrons in particular the loop of Henles

36
Q

What do the Juxtamedullary nephrons allow us to do

A

Produce a concentrated urine

37
Q

Why is the desert rat able to produce more concentrated urine than us as humans

A

They have more juxtamedullary nephrons than we do

38
Q

What does the concentration or relaxation in the afferent arteriole do

A

Determines how much blood will flow into the glomerular capillary

39
Q

What cells make up the inner layer of the Bowman’s capsule

A

Podocytes

40
Q

What do the foot-like processes of the podocytes do

A

They interdigitate with the neighbouring cells forming slits for filtration

41
Q

How much of the plasma that flows through the capillaries ends up forming the tubular fluid

A

around 20%

42
Q

What is the difference in composition of the tubular fluid and the plasma

A

Tubular fluid is identical other than lacking large plasma protein and RBCs

43
Q

What is formed between the podocytes and the epithelial cells

A

Basement membrane (an acellular layer)

44
Q

Where does glomerular filtration occur

A

across the glomerular membrane

45
Q

What happens in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

The distal tubule passes through the fork that is formed between the afferent and efferent arterioles

46
Q

What do the granular cells (modified vascular cells) do

A

The produce and secrete renin

47
Q

What are the specialised tubular cells also known as

A

Macula densa

48
Q

What does the macula densa do

A

they sense the amount of salt in the tubular fluid as it passes through the region of the nephron

49
Q

What can urine be thought of as being

A

modified filtrate of the blood

50
Q

In order to produce urine, what must the kidneys incorporate

A

filtration system
rich blood supply
mechanisms for urine modification (tubular reabsorption and secretion)

51
Q

What renal processes occur in the production of urine

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

52
Q

What happens to the majority of the plasma that enters the glomerulus ?

A

it is not filtered and leaves through the efferent arteriole

53
Q

How can we calculate the rate of excretion of a particular substance

A

Rate of filtration + rate of secretion - rate of reabsorption

54
Q

What is the rate of filtration equal to

A

The concentration of the substance in the plasma x Glomerular filtration rate

55
Q

What is GFR for a healthy adult at rest

A

125ml/min and kept relatively constant

56
Q

What happens if we increase the concentration of the substance in the plasma

A

The rate at which the kidneys filter the substance will increase as GFR is constant

57
Q

How can we calculate the rate of excretion of a substance

A

The concentration of the substance in urine x urine flow rate

58
Q

What does the rate of excretion depend on

A

The hydration status of the body

59
Q

What happens if the rate of filtration is greater than the rate of excretion

A

The kidneys are filtering more than what is being excreted - more reabsorption

60
Q

If the rate of filtration is less than the rate of excretion, what has happened to the net secretion

A

Net secretion of that substance has occurred

61
Q

What is important to do to the GFR when calculating the rate of filtration

A

convert it from ml/min to litres / min so that the units are consistent

SM Renal (23 decks)

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