Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SM Renal > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the kidney

A

Maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis, body fluid osmolarity and acid-base balance

  1. Excrete toxic metabolic waste products (mainly urea and creatinine)
  2. Act as an endocrine gland, producing renin and erythropoietin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What covers the kidney

A

A thin but strong capsule of dense collagen fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the hilum

A

Site of entry of renal artery and exit of renal vein and ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the medulla divided into

A

medullary pyramids with apices (papillae) pointing toward the hilum ending on minor calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where exactly does urine evolve from

A

The papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the renal column do

A

Anchors the cortex to the medulla and provides a convenient way for the vasculature to reach the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the nephron composed of

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the renal corpuscle

A

a know of blood vessels surrounded by a capsule (Bowman’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many nephrons are found within each human kidney

A

600,000-1million nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are podocytes

A

Specialised epithelium which lies on top of the glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What separates the blood from the glomerular filtrate

A

Capillary endothelium and podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do the podocytes form

A

Filtration slits as the podocytes have interdigitating cell processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is found between the podocytes and capillary epithelium

A

thicker than usual basal lamina made up of GAGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What produces the mesangium and what is it

A

Scattered mesangial cells produce

It is a connective tissue core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functions of the mesangial cells

A

Support

removal of debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of cells line the Bowman’s capsule

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the walls of the renal capillaries

A

Fenestrated walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of a Proximal convoluted tubule cell

A

Recapsures glucose, peptides, small proteins and many other items from the filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What lines the proximal convoluted tubules

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the appearance of the Loop of Henle

A

Begins as a thin descending limb then changes direction like a hair pin and ascends before widening out and continue ascending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the main role of the loop of Henle

A

It creates a high osmotic pressure in the extracellular space of the medulla with salts and urea but does not actually change the volume of within the tubule

22
Q

Describe the appearance of the thin limb of the loop of Henle

A

Thin, simple squamous lining in which the nuclei typically protrude into the lumen

23
Q

Describe the appearance of the thick limb of the loop of Henle

A

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells with abundant mitochondria

24
Q

What cells line the collecting ducts

A

Simple cuboidal

25
Q

What tubule is the metabolically busiest cell in the Loop of Henle

A

Thick ascending limb

26
Q

What is the Vasa Recta

A

Loops of blood vessels that dip down into the medulla from above and then climb back up to the cortex

27
Q

Where are the distal convoluted tubules located

A

In the cortex

28
Q

What lines the distal convoluted tubules

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

29
Q

How are the structures of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules different

A

Distal lacks a brush border of extensive microvilli

Therefore they have a relatively smooth surface in comparison

30
Q

What are the medullary rays

A

Parallel arrays of tubules that head towards the medulla from the cortex

31
Q

What drugs are the collecting ducts responsive to

What do the drugs do

A

antidiuretics

They can change the osmolarity of the filtrate passing through

32
Q

What are the ducts of Bellini

A

Large excretory duct

33
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

The feedback unit for the nephron to allow the nephron to know what is going on and what is has produced

34
Q

What 3 components is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus made up of

A 
Macula densa (sensory)
Juxtaglomerular cells (mostly afferent)
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
35
Q

Describe the path of the distal convoluted tubule

A

It goes back towards its own renal corpuscle that forms part of its very own nephron

36
Q

Where is the macula densa located and describe the appearance

A

on the side of the distal convoluted tubule nearest the afferent arteriole.
The cells are taller, crowded together and the nuclei are intensely stained

37
Q

What is the function of the macula densa

A

Sensing ion composition in the DCT

38
Q

What do the juxtaglomerular cells contain/ secrete

A

Renin

39
Q

What type of cells are the juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells in wall of the afferent arteriole

40
Q

Describe how urine moves from where it is produced to where it is released from the body

A

Produced in the renal papilla
Collected into the minor calyx
flows through major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter and then the bladder
Exits the body via the urethra on voiding

41
Q

What are almost all of the conducting parts of the urinary tract lined by

A

a special epithelium called transitional epithelium or urothelium
It is stratified and found in 3-6 layers

42
Q

What are the cells on the luminal surface called and why

A

umbrella cells

they are domed

43
Q

Why does the epithelium have a special structure

A

the variability in thickness of cells represents different states of distension
The apical surface o the cells at the surface have a thickened membrane to provide a highly impermeable barrier

44
Q

What lies below the epithelium in the the conducting parts of the renal system

A

Lamina propria and 2-3 layers of smooth muscle

45
Q

Describe the flexibility of the umbrella cells

A

They can change their appearance at the apical membrane - they can form invaginations in the tough membrane to help products come into the cell. They increase or decrease surface area as required

46
Q

Describe the histological differences between the proximal ureter and the distal ureter

A

A lot more smooth muscle distally compared to proximally

Less lamina propria (connective tissue in the distal ureter

47
Q

What are the female urethras line with

A

transitional epithelium which trasition to stratified squamous near its termination

48
Q

What is the male urethra lined with

A

Transitional epithelium.
Membranous urethra extends from the prostate to the bulb of the penis - here transitional epithelium changed to stratified columnar cells
What is the penile urethra line with

49
Q

What is the penile urethra line with

A

stratified columnar epithelium which near the tip of the penis becomes stratified squamous

50
Q

What is the prostate gland lined with

A

simple columnar secretory epithelium with a fibromuscular stroma

SM Renal (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions