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SM Renal > Phsyiology 1 > Flashcards

Phsyiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmolarity

A

Concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution

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2
Q

What are the units of osmolarity

A

osmol/L or mosmol/L

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3
Q

What 2 factors need to be known in order to calculate osmolarity

A

The molar concentration of the solution

The number of osmotically active particles present

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4
Q

What is meant by osmotically active particles. Give 2 examples

A

NaCl has 2
MgCl2 has 3
Basically the number of elements in a solution

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5
Q

300mM NaCl. Calculate the osmolarity

A

300x2 = 600mosmol/L

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6
Q

What is the difference between osmolality and osmolarity

A

Osmolality - osmol/kg water
Osmolarity - osmol/L
They are interchangeable terms for weak salt solutions

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7
Q

What is tonicity

A

the effect a solution has on cell volume

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8
Q

Describe the movement of particles in an isotonic environment

A

No overall change in volume and no movement in one particular direction. Particles are still moving all the time

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9
Q

Describe the movement of particles in an hypertonic environment

A

Water is lost from the cells into the environment and this results in a decrease in cell volume. Cell shrinkage

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10
Q

Describe the movement of particles in an hypotonic environment

A

Water goes into the cells from the environment and this results in an increase in cell volume. Cell lysis

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11
Q

What determines whether a solution will cause lysis etc.

A

the ability of the solutes to cross the membrane or not

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12
Q

Why do females have lower total body water than males

A

Because they have a higher percentage of body fat which don’t contain a lot of water

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13
Q

How much of a) the male body is water and b) the female body

A

a) 60%

b) 50%

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14
Q

What are the 2 major compartments of total body weight

A 
intracellular fluid (ICF) 
extracellular fluid (ECF)
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15
Q

What separates the ICF and ECF

A

cell membrane

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16
Q

What does the extracellular fluid include

A

Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Lymph and transcellular fluid

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17
Q

Where is plasma found

A

Circulatory system

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18
Q

What tracer can we use to obtain the distribution volume of TBW

A

3H2O

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19
Q

What tracer can we use to obtain the distribution volume of ECF

A

Inulin

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20
Q

What tracer can we use to obtain the distribution volume of Plasma

A

Labelled albumin

21
Q

How can we calculate ICF

A

TBW - ECF = ICF

22
Q

Describe the dilution principle to measure volume of distribution

A

Don’t know how much water is held in a container
Add a tracer at a specific dose (D = 42)
Mix them thoroughly and allow it to equilibrate with the water
Take a small sample (5ml) volume from the concentration and measure the concentration (C) of the sample
Use the formula below to calculate the initial volume
C = 0.005mg/5ml = 0.001mg/ml = 1mg/L
V= D/C = 42/1 = 42litres

23
Q

In what ways do we input water to the body

A

Fluid intake
Food intake
Metabolism

24
Q

In what way does water leave the body

A 
Skin 
Lungs 
Sweat 
Faeces
Urine
25
Q

What is meant by insensible loss

A

we have no regulation over these losses

26
Q

What is meant by sensible loss

A

We have some physiological control over these losses

27
Q

What is water imbalance manifested as

A

changes in body fluid osmolarity

28
Q

Why do the kidneys never turn off urinary excretion

A

They get rid of metabolic waste products which are often only able to be excreted in solution

29
Q

What ions are in high concentration in ICF

A

K+

30
Q

What ions are in high concentrations in ECF

A

Na, Cl, HCO3

31
Q

What is the approximate values of ions in ICF

A 
Na+ = 10
K+ = 140
Cl- = 7
HCO3- = 10
32
Q

What is the approximate values of ions in ECF

A 
Na+ = 140
K+ = 4.5
Cl- = 115
HCO3- = 28
33
Q

What features allow the cells to maintain internal environments that differ in composition compared to their surroundings

A

The cell membrane

Membrane transport mechanism

34
Q

What are the main ions in the ICF

A

K
Mg
-vely charged proteins

35
Q

Why are the osmotic concentrations of both ECF and ICF identical

A

In part due to the kidneys

36
Q

What is fluid shift

A

The movement of water between the ICF and ECF in response to an osmotic gradient

37
Q

What would happen to a) the ECF and b) ICF and c) cell volume d) osmolality if the osmotic concentration of the ECF increased

A

a) ECF increases
b) ICF decreases and cells become Hypertonic
c) Cell volume decrease
d) osmolality increases

38
Q

What would happen to a) the ECF and b) ICF and c) cell volume if the osmotic concentration of the ECF decreased

A

a) ECF decreases
b) ICF increases and cells become Hypotonic
c) Cell volume increases
d) osmolality decreases

39
Q

If there is a gain of water, what happens to the ICF and ECF

A

They both increase

40
Q

If there is a loss of water, what happens to the ICF and ECF

A

They both decrease

41
Q

What happens to the ECF and ICF if NaCl increases

A

ECF increases but ICF decreases

42
Q

What happens to the ECF and ICF if NaCl decreases

A

ECF decreases but ICF increases

43
Q

Why is the regulation of ECF volume so important

A

For long term regulation of blood pressure

44
Q

Why is electrolyte balance important

A

Electrolyte concentrations can directly affect water balance (via changes in osmolarity)
The concentrations of individual electrolytes can affect cell function

45
Q

Why are Na and K particularly important

A

They are major contributors to the osmotic concentrations of the ECF and ICF respectively
They directly affect the functioning of all cells

46
Q

What is the major cation in the ECF

A

Sodium

47
Q

What is the major cation found within cells (ICF)

A

Potassium

48
Q

What is the major role of K+

A

establishing membrane potential

49
Q

What can disruption of K+ concentration result in

A

Muscle weakness –> paralysis

Cardiac irregularities –> cardiac arrest

SM Renal (23 decks)

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