Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SM Renal > Male Genital Tract > Flashcards

Male Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of penis cancer

A

Squamous carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the appearance of Bowen’s disease of the penis

A

Dry and crusty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does Erythroplasia of Queyrat of the penis arise

A

Normally the glans

It has a raised, red, velvety feature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the histological appearance of both Bowen’s disease and Erythroplasia of Queyrat

A

Both full thickness dysplasia of the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the advantage of circumcision with regards to squamous carcinoma of the penis

A

It protects you

The younger the age of circumcision, the better the degree of protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the aetiology of squamous carcinoma of the penis

A

Poor hygiene and HPV infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the appearance of squamous carcinoma of the penis

A

Ulcerating, indurated tumour or exophytic mass of the glans/ prepuce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occupation has an increased risk of SCC of the scrotum and why

A

Chimney sweeps - they have an occupational exposure to suit (carcinogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How common is benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate (BNH)

A

Common - at least 75% of men over 70 are affected but only about 5% have significant symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What tissues result in BNH

A

irregular proliferation of both glandular and stream prostatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the aetiology of BNH

A

hormonal imbalance

Alteration of androgen/ oestrogen ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What problems can BNH cause

A

Disturbance of the bladder sphincter mechanism by
1. physical obstruction
2. physiological interference - peri-urethral glands at internal urethral meatus
Acute and chronic urinary retention
Prostatism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is prostatism

A

Difficulty in starting micturition, poor stream, overflow incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is urinary retention a urological emergency

A

When it is acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some of the complications of BNH

A

Bladder hypertrophy

diverticulum formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens if BNH is left untreated

A

Hydroureter
hydronephrosis
subsequent infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the management for BNH

A

Surgery (transurethral resection)

Drugs (a-blockers, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the chances of BNH becoming malignant

A

None - it does not increase the risk of developing carcinoma of the prostate. Both are common and so both can occur together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How common is carcinoma of the prostate

A

Pretty common- 11% of cancer deaths in males- second leading cause (lung is 1st)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When is the peak incidence of carcinoma of the prostate

A

60-80 years

21
Q

What are some risk factors for carcinoma of the prostate

A

1st degree relative especially at a young age

22
Q

Where in the prostate does carcinoma typically arise

A

Mainly in the peripheral ducts and glands, particularly the posterior lobe

23
Q

What is meant by latent carcinom

A

Microscopic cancer foci found incidentally in surgical specimens or at autopsy. Some may progress to clinically significant disease

24
Q

How can carcinoma of the prostate spread

A

Local - urethral obstruction, capsular penetration, seminal vesicles, bladder and scrotum
Lymphatic - sacral, iliac, para-aortic nodes
Blood - bone (lumbosacral area) - osteosclerotic metastases, lungs, and liver are common

25
Q

What is unusual about the destruction of prostate cancer

A

It is osteosclerotic and causes bones to be denser than normal
Most cancers cause bony destruction (lytic)

26
Q

How is a diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate made

A

Rectal examination
Imaging - US skeletal XRay, bone scans
Biochemistry - Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) - increased levels in most but not all
Biopsy is definitive, multiple needle core biopsies under ultrasound control

27
Q

What are the 3 management options for prostate cancer

A

Hormonal therapy - anti-androgen treatment. Oestrogen and cyproterone
Radiotherapy - bone metastases or pain associated
Surgery - Radical prostatectomy - usually for organ confined disease

28
Q

What is a major risk factor for a testicular tumour

A

Maldescended or undescended testicle

29
Q

What is the most common presentation of testicular tumour

A

Painless, testicular enlargement

30
Q

What is a symptoms for an infective process of the testicles

A

Pain or tenderness

31
Q

What do testicular tumours secrete and what does this result in

A

Hormones

Gynaecomastia

32
Q

What is the commonest type of testicular tumour

A

Germ cell - seminoma, teratoma or mixed

33
Q

What are some other types of testicular tumours

A

Lymphoma
leukaemia
stromal tumour

34
Q

Where do adenomatoid arise from

A

The mesothelial lining of the tunica-vaginalis

35
Q

What is the peak age at which a summon arises

A

30-50 years

Very rare before puberty

36
Q

Describe the appearance of a seminoma

A

Solid
homogenous
pale macroscopic appearance
Potato tumour

37
Q

Describe the prognosis of a seminoma with a large amount of lymphocytic infiltrate

A

The greater the lymphocytic infiltrate, the better the prognosis

38
Q

Why does lymph from the testes drain to the periaortic area and not the groin

A

Lymph copies the arterial supply. The testes are supplied by the gonadal arteries which are branches of the abdominal aorta

39
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis for summons

A

Radiotherapy or chemotherapy - most are cured as the tumour is so sensitive to these treatments even if there is metastatic spread

40
Q

What age is the peak incidence of a teratoma

A

20-30 years although it can occur in childhood

41
Q

Where does a teratoma arise from

A

all 3 cell lines - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

42
Q

What are the teratoma classification types

A

Differentiated Teratoma (TD) - benign or organoid differentiation of a variety of different tumour types

Malignant Teratoma Undifferentiated (MTU) - undifferentiated, malignant tissue of teratoma, also referred to as embryonal carcinoma

Malignant Teratoma Trophoblastic (MTT) - resembles human placenta - irrespective of other tissue types you have - most malignant

Malignant teratoma intermediate (MTI) - mixture of differentiated and undifferentiated

43
Q

On autopsy, what features suggest the presence of malignancy in a tumour

A

Necrosis and haemorrhage

44
Q

What type of tissues can be found in a teratoma

A

Virtually anything

respiratory, pancreatic, cartilage, muscle

45
Q

Describe the prognosis of a mixed seminoma/ Teratoma

A

Depends on most malignant tissue present

46
Q

What tumours secrete bHCG

A

Trophoblastic tumours

47
Q

AFP is secreted by what

A

Yolk sac tumours

48
Q

A seminoma secretes what tumour marker

A

PLAP (Placental alkaline phosphatase)

49
Q

Why do we measure the tumour markers

A

Levels of the markers are used to diagnose a tumour

Monitor response to therapy and detect early recurrence

SM Renal (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions