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MSK > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A

maintain posture, proposeful movement, resp movement, heat production, contribution to metabolism

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2
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

straited and voluntary (innervated by somatic nervous system), no gp junctions, neurogenic initiation

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3
Q

where does the calcium from skeletal muscle come from

A

SR

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4
Q

what is the neurotransmitter in skeletal muscle

A

acetyl choline

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5
Q

what is straited and involuntary

A

cardiac muscle

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6
Q

what is unstraited and involunatry

A

smooth muscle

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7
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a single alpha motor neuron and all the skeltal muscle fibres in it innervates

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8
Q

what muscles have fewer motor fibres per motor unit

A

muscles for fine movements

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9
Q

how many fibres do muscles in the fingers and eyes have per motor unit

A

about 10

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10
Q

how many fibres do muscles for powerful movements have (the thigh)

A

100-1000 per motor unit

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11
Q

what does myocin look like

A

thick and dark

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12
Q

what does actin look like

A

thin and light

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13
Q

what does skeletal muscle consist of

A

parallel muscle fibres bundled by connective tissue - fibres usually extend the entire length of the muscle

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14
Q

what is myocin +actin

A

sacromere

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15
Q

what are sacromeres

A

functional units of muscle

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16
Q

what happens in sacromeres

A

actin slides over myocin which is ATP dependent

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17
Q

where is sacromere found

A

between two Z lines

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18
Q

what are the 4 zones of sacromeres

A

Abane, H zone, M line and I band

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19
Q

what happens in skeletal muscle fibres

A

Ca2+ is released from the lateral sacs of the SR when the surface action potential spreads down the transverse tubules

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20
Q

when is ATP needed

A

during muscle contraction (to power cross bridges) and during relaxation (to release cross bridges + to pump Ca2+ back into SR

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21
Q

what is a sign of death

A

rigor mortis

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22
Q

what is rigor mortis

A

when Ca2+ is pumped back into the SR

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23
Q

what does skeletal muscle tension depend on

A

the number of muscle fibres contracting and the tension developed by each contracting muscle fibre

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24
Q

in skeletal muscle what is shorterthe action potential or the resulting twitch

A

the action potential

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25
Q

how can a stronger contraction be achieved in skeletal muscle

A

by summating twitches through repitive fast stimulation of skeletal muslce

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26
Q

what is tetanus

A

muscle fibre stimulated so rapidly it has no opportunity to relax

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27
Q

example of tetanus

A

lock jaw

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28
Q

why cant cardiac muscle be tetanus

A

due to long refractory period

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29
Q

what does increased frequency of stimulation of skeletal muscle do

A

lead to stronger contraction

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30
Q

how can maximum contraction be achieved

A

when the muscle is at its optimum length before the onset of contraction

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31
Q

what is isotonic contraction used for

A

used for body movements and moving objects

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32
Q

what happens in isotonic contraction

A

tension remains constant as the muscle strength changes

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33
Q

what happens in isometric contraction

A

used for supporting objects in fixed positions and maintain body posture

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34
Q

when does muscle tension develop in isometric contraction

A

at constant muscle length

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35
Q

Type 1 muscle contraction

A

slow oxidative

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36
Q

what is slow oxidative

A

slow contraction, high resistance to fatigue, low aerobic eg walking

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37
Q

straited muscles

A

skeletal and cardiac

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38
Q

cardiac muscle initiation of contraction is

A

myogenic

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39
Q

skeletal muscle initiation of contraction is

A

neurogenic

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40
Q

is the continuity of cytoplasm between nerve and skeletal muscle cells

A

no

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41
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a single alpha moor neurone and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

42
Q

levels of organisation of muscles

A

muscle, neuron, fibre, myofibril, sarcomere

43
Q

what do Z lines do

A

connect the thin filaments of two adjoining sarcomeres

44
Q

what is a t TUBULE

A

extensions of the membrane than dip into muscle fibre

45
Q

what do motor units allow

A

simultaneous contraction of a number of muscle fibres

46
Q

what helps to prevent muscle fatigue

A

asynchronous motor unit recruitment during sub maximal contractions

47
Q

can cardiac muscle be tetanised

A

no

48
Q

what is type IIa fibre

A

fast oxidative

49
Q

what is type Iix fibre

A

last glycolytic

50
Q

what are type 2 fires used for

A

aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and are useful in prolonged relatively moderate work activities

51
Q

what is fast glycolytic fibres used for

A

anaerobic metabolism and are mainly used for short-term high intensity activities e.g. jumping

52
Q

what is a reflex

A

a stereotypes response to a specific stimulus - they are the form of coordinated movement

53
Q

what is a stretch reflex

A

a negative feedback that resists passive change in muscle length to maintain optimal resting length of muscle

54
Q

what is a muscle spindle

A

sensory receptor in muscle stretch

55
Q

what causes impaired skeletal muscle function

A

intrinsic disease of muscle, disease of NMJ, disease of lower motor neurons which supply the muscle, disruption of input into motor nerves

56
Q

genetic causes of muscle disease

A

congenital myophathies, chronic degeneration, abnormalities in membrane ion channels

57
Q

acquired causes in intrinsic msucle disease

A

inflammatory myopathies, non inflammatory, endocrine, toxic

58
Q

symptoms of muscle disease

A

muscle weakness/tiredness, delayed relaxation after voluntary contraction, muscle pain, muscle stiffness

59
Q

investigations of nueromuscular disease

A

emg, nerve conduction studies, muscle enzymes, inflammatory markers, muscle biopsy

60
Q

what is a synovial joint seperated by

A

a cavity containing synovial fluid

61
Q

what is a synovial joint united by

A

a fibrous capsule

62
Q

what is the inner capsule of a synovial joint lined by

A

synovial membrane

63
Q

what is the articular surafces of the bones invilved in a synovial joint covered by

A

carterlage

64
Q

how much synovial fluid is in an adult knee

A

<3.5 ml

65
Q

what does the synovial fluid do

A

lubricates, facilitates ovements, minimises wear and tear, aids in nutrition of articular cartilage, supplies chondrocytes with O2 and nutrients

66
Q

rapid movement means what for viscosity and elasticity

A

decreased viscosity and increased elasticity

67
Q

what colour is synovial fluid

A

clear

68
Q

what is articular cartiage usually

A

hyaline

69
Q

descrbe hyaline cartilage

A

elastic sponge liek

70
Q

what does articular cartilage have

A

special extracellualr matrix

71
Q

what is the extracellular matrix of articular joints made of

A

water, collagen, proteroglycans

72
Q

what is the extra cellular matrix madeand degraded by

A

chondrocytes

73
Q

markers of cartilage degradation

A

serum and synovial keratin sulphate

74
Q

what type of arthtritis is this - wear and tear, carrtilage and synovial composition and synocial composition and function deteriorate with age

A

osteoarthritis

75
Q

what type of arthritis is this synovial cell proliferation and inflammation

A

rheumatoid

76
Q

what type of arthritis is this- deposition of salt crystals

A

gouty arthtritis

77
Q

what is the diagnosis of this - injury and inflammation to periaticular structures

A

soft tissue rheumatism

78
Q

3 types of joints

A

synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

79
Q

what is synovial fluid made from

A

it is derived from hyaluronic acid

80
Q

what type of collagen decreases with age

A

type 2

81
Q

what is transduction of pain

A

translation of noxious stimulus into electrical activity at the peripheral receptor

82
Q

what is transmission of pain

A

the propagation of pain signal as nerve impulses through the nervous system

83
Q

what is the modulation of pain

A

modification/hindering of pain transmission in the nervous system

84
Q

what is the perception of pain

A

conscious experience if pain

85
Q

what are nociceptors

A

primary sensory afferent neurones normally activated by intense noxious stimuli

86
Q

what type of neurones are nociceptors

A

first order neurones

87
Q

where do second order neurones ascend from

A

the spinal cod in the anterolateral system

88
Q

where do second order neurones terminate

A

in the thalamus

89
Q

what are the major nociceptors

A

sensory afferent neurons atvated by intense noxious stimuli

90
Q

myelination of a fibres

A

thin

91
Q

myelinaton of c fibres

A

unmyelintated

92
Q

where do alpha neurons recieve input from

A

upper motor neurons of the brain, sensory inputs from muscle spindles spinal interneurones

93
Q

what are alpha nuerones directly responsible for

A

generation of force by muscle

94
Q

what makes a motor unit

A

alpha motor neurone + muscle

95
Q

where does the alpha motor unit communicate with muscle fibre

A

at the NMJ

96
Q

what is the mechanism by which cells communicate electrically with one another across the synaptic celft

A

synaptic transmission

97
Q

two forms of synaptic transmission

A

electrical or chemical

98
Q

what does a gap junction consist of

A

two hemichannels

99
Q

what do gap junctions permit the passage or

A

small molecules (<1KdA)

100
Q

how does orthodromic synaptic transmission proceed

A

with limited delay

MSK (19 decks)

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