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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system includes

A
  • Sensory components
  • Motor components
  • Integrative components
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2
Q

Functions of Sensory components

A

detect changes in environmental stimuli

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3
Q

Motor components functions

A

generate movement, contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle, and glandular secretions

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4
Q

Functions of Integrative components

A

receive, store, and process sensory information and then orchestrate the appropriate motor responses.

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5
Q

The nervous system is composed of two divisions

A

The central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and the spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes sensory receptors, sensory nerves, and ganglia outside the CNS.

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6
Q

afferent division

A

sensory

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7
Q

efferent division

A

motor

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8
Q

Steps and organization of the nervous system

A

The sensory or afferent division brings information into the nervous system

This afferent information is then transmitted to progressively higher levels of the nervous system up to cerebral cortex

The motor or efferent division carries information out of the nervous system to the periphery.

This efferent information results in reaction.

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9
Q

The afferent information is transmitted to higher levels of the nervous System until it reaches

A

Cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Examples of sensory receptors of the pns

A

visual receptors, auditory receptors, chemoreceptors, and somatosensory (touch) receptors

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11
Q

What is the result of the efferent division carrying information out of the nervous system to the periphery?

A

contraction of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle or secretion by endocrine and exocrine glands.

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12
Q

Most activities of the nervous system are initiated by

A

sensory experiences that excite sensory receptors.

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13
Q

These sensory experiences can either cause

A

immediate reactions from the brain

memories of the experiences can be stored in the brain for minutes, weeks, or years and determine bodily reactions at some future date.

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14
Q

Information from the sensory receptors enters the CNS through …… and is conducted immediately to …….

A

peripheral nerves

multiple sensory areas

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15
Q

Information from the sensory receptors enters the CNS through peripheral nerves and is conducted to multiple sensory areas in

A
  • (1) the spinal cord at all levels;
  • (2) the reticular substance of the medulla, pons, and mesencephalon of the brain;
  • (3) the cerebellum;
  • (4) the thalamus;
  • (5) areas of the cerebral cortex.
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16
Q

The most important eventual role of the nervous system is to control the various bodily activities.
This task is achieved by controlling

A
  • (1) contraction of appropriate skeletal muscles throughout the body,
  • (2) contraction of smooth muscle in the internal organs, and
  • (3) secretion of active chemical substances by both exocrine and endocrine glands in many parts of the body.
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17
Q

muscles and glands are called….. and why?

A

effectors

because they are the actual anatomical structures that perform the functions dictated by the nerve signals.

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18
Q

skeletal” motor nerve axis of the nervous system function

A

controlling skeletal muscle contraction

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19
Q

Operating parallel to skeletal” motor nerve axis

A

autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

autonomic nervous system functions

A

controlling smooth muscles, glands, and other internal bodily systems.

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21
Q

skeletal muscles can be controlled from many levels of the central nervous system, including

A
  • (1) the spinal cord;
  • (2) the reticular substance of the medulla, pons, and mesencephalon;
  • (3) the basal ganglia;
  • (4) the cerebellum; and
  • (5) the motor cortex.
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22
Q

The lower regions of CNS Aare concerned primarily with

A

automatic, instantaneous muscle responses to sensory stimuli

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23
Q

The higher regions of CNS Aare concerned primarily with

A

deliberate complex muscle movements controlled by the thought processes of the brain.

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24
Q

What is the INTEGRATIVE (combination of 2) FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

PROCESSING OF INFORMATION

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25
Q

Percentage of sensory information discarded by the brain as irrelevant and unimportant

A

More than 99%

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26
Q

channeling and processing of information is called

A

the integrative function of the nervous system.

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27
Q

synapse

A

junction point from one neuron to the next

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28
Q

Synapses determine

A

the directions that the nervous signals will spread through the nervous system.

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29
Q

……… can control synaptic transmission, sometimes opening the synapses for transmission and at other times closing them.

A

facilitatory and inhibitory signals from other areas in the nervous system

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30
Q

postsynaptic neurons respond with

A

Either large numbers of output impulses, or respond with only a few.

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31
Q

the synapses perform a selective action, how

A

blocking weak signals while allowing strong signals to pass, but at other times selecting and amplifying certain weak signals and often channeling these signals in many directions rather than in only one direction.

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32
Q

much of the sensory information is

A

stored for future control of motor activities and for use in the thinking processes.

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33
Q

Most storage of information occurs in

A

the cerebral cortex

but even the basal regions of the brain and the spinal cord can store small amounts of information.

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34
Q

memory,

A

function of the synapses which is the storage of information

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35
Q

facilitation

A

Each time certain types of sensory signals pass through sequences of synapses, these synapses become more capable of transmitting the same type of signal the next time.

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36
Q

Once memories have been stored in the nervous system, they become part of

A

the brain processing mechanism for future “thinking.”

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37
Q

How are memories stored in the brain

A

the thinking processes of the brain compare new sensory experiences with stored memories; the memories then help to select the important new sensory information and to channel this into appropriate memory storage areas for future use or into motor areas to cause immediate bodily responses.

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38
Q

Parts of CNS

A
  • the spinal cord
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
  • diencephalon
  • Cerebral hemispheres
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39
Q

Parts of brain stem

A

medulla, pons, and midbrain

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40
Q

Parts of diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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41
Q

Parts of Cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, and amygdala

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42
Q

most caudal portion of the CNS

A

spinal cord

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43
Q

Spinal Cord extends from

A

the base of the skull to the first lumbar vertebra.

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44
Q

The spinal cord is segmented, with…. pairs of spinal nerves that contain …

A

31

both sensory (afferent) nerves and motor (efferent) nerves.

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45
Q

Sensory nerves carry information to the spinal cord from

A

The skin, joints, muscles, and visceral organs in the periphery via dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia.

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46
Q

Motor nerves carry information

A

from the spinal cord to the periphery

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47
Q

Types of motor nerves

A

somatic motor nerves

autonomic motor nerves

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48
Q

Functions of somatic motor nerves

A

innervate skeletal muscle

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49
Q

Functions of automatic motor nerves

A

innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, and secretory cells

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50
Q

Ascending pathways in the spinal cord carry

A

sensory information from the periphery to higher levels of the CNS.

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51
Q

Descending pathways in the spinal cord carry

A

motor information from higher levels of the CNS to the motor nerves that innervate the periphery.

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52
Q

Even after the spinal cord has been cut in the high neck region

A

many highly organized spinal cord functions still occur.

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53
Q

neuronal circuits in the cord can cause

A
  • (1) walking movements,
  • (2) reflexes that withdraw portions of the body from painful objects,
  • (3) reflexes that stiffen the legs to support the body against gravity, and
  • (4) reflexes that control local blood vessels, gastrointestinal movements, or urinary excretion.
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54
Q

the upper levels of the nervous system often operate by sending signals to

A

the control centers of the cord, simply “commanding” the cord centers to perform their functions.

55
Q

Many, if not most, of what we call subconscious activities of the body are controlled in …….

A

in the lower areas of the brain

medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia

56
Q

Examples of subconscious activities controlled by lower areas

A
  • subconscious control of arterial pressure and respiration
  • Control of equilibrium
  • Feeding reflexes , such as salivation and licking of the lips in response to the taste of food,
  • many emotional patterns such as anger, excitement, sexual response, reaction to pain, and reaction to pleasure
57
Q

Where is subconscious control of arterial pressure and respiration achieved

A

medulla and pons.

58
Q

subconscious control of arterial pressure and respiration is achieved mainly in

A

the medulla and pons.

59
Q

Control of equilibrium is a combined function of

A

the older portions of the cerebellum and the reticular substance of the medulla, pons, and mesencephalon.

60
Q

Feeding reflexes, such as salivation and licking of the lips in response to the taste of food, are controlled by areas in

A

the medulla, pons, mesencephalon, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

61
Q

Ten of the 12 cranial nerves (CN III–XII) arise in

A

brain stem.

62
Q

What are the cranial nerves that arise in the brain stem

A

CN III–XII

63
Q

These cranial nerves CN III–XII carry

A

sensory information to the brain stem and motor information away from it.

64
Q

What is the rostral extension of the spinal cord

A

Medulla

65
Q

Medulla contains

A

autonomic centers that regulate breathing and blood pressure.
centers that coordinate swallowing, coughing, and vomiting reflexes.

66
Q

Vomiting coughing and swallowing is coordinated by

A

Medulla

67
Q

Pons is ….to the medulla

A

Rostal

68
Q

Pons working with centers in the medulla, participates in

A

balance and maintenance of posture and in regulation of breathing.

69
Q

Pons functions

A

participates in balance and maintenance of posture and in regulation of breathing.

relays information from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum.

70
Q

The midbrain is … to the pons

A

rostral

71
Q

Midbrain participats in …. and contains……

A

control of eye movements.

relay nuclei of the auditory and visual systems.

72
Q

cerebellum

A

foliated (“leafy”) structure that is attached to the brain stem and lies dorsal to the pons and medulla.

73
Q

The functions of the cerebellum are

A

coordination of movement, planning and execution of movement, maintenance of posture, and coordination of head and eye movements.

integrates (combines) sensory information about position from the spinal cord, motor information from the cerebral cortex, and information about balance from the vestibular organs of the inner ear.

74
Q

cerebellum is conveniently positioned between

A

the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord,

75
Q

Together, ….. form the diencephalon

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

76
Q

Diencephalon means

A

between brain.”

77
Q

location of the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem.

78
Q

The thalamus function

A

processes almost all sensory information going to the cerebral cortex and almost all motor information coming from the cerebral cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord.

79
Q

Hypothalamus lies …. to the thalamus

A

Ventral

80
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

contains centers that regulate body temperature, food intake, and water balance.

controls the hormone secretions of the pituitary gland.

81
Q

The hypothalamus is

A

an endocrine gland that controls the hormone secretions of the pituitary gland.

82
Q

How does the hypothalamus act as a gland

A

The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones and release-inhibiting hormones into hypophysial portal blood that cause release (or inhibition of release) of the anterior pituitary hormones.
• The hypothalamus also contains the cell bodies of neurons of the posterior pituitary gland that secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.

83
Q

The hypothalamus also contains the cell bodies of neurons of …. that secretes ………..

A 
posterior pituitary gland
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
84
Q

……. joins the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

A

Infundibular gland

85
Q

The cerebral cortex is considered

A

an extremely large memory storehouse.

86
Q

The cortex never functions alone but always in association with

A

lower centers of the nervous system.

87
Q

the cerebral cortex is essential for most of

A

our thought processes

88
Q

The cerebral cortex converts functions of the lower regions to

A

determinative and precise operations.

89
Q

What initiates wakefulness in the cerebral cortex

A

lower brain centers

90
Q

What happens when lower brain centers initiate wakefulness in the cerebral cortex

A

opening its bank of memories to the thinking machinery of the brain.

91
Q

cerebral hemispheres consist of

A

the cerebral cortex, an underlying white matter, and three deep nuclei

92
Q

What are the three deep nuclei-of cerebral hemispheres

A

basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala

93
Q

The functions of the cerebral hemispheres are

A

perception, higher motor functions, cognition, memory, and emotion.

94
Q

Cerebral corte

A

convoluted (coiled) surface of the cerebral hemispheres

95
Q

Four lobes of cerebral cortex

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

96
Q

Cerebral cortex lobes are separated by

A

Sulci or grooves

97
Q

Cerebral cortex functions

A

receives and processes sensory information and integrates motor functions.

98
Q

These sensory and motor areas of the cortex are further designated as …….. depending on ……..

A

“primary,” “secondary,” and “tertiary,”

how directly they deal with sensory or motor processing.

99
Q

The primary areas of cerebral cortex are the most …… and involve the ……. number of synapses

A

direct and involve the fewest number of synapses

100
Q

tertiary areas of cerebral hemispheres require

A

most complex processing and involve the greatest number of synapses.

101
Q

Association areas function

A

integrate diverse information for purposeful actions.

102
Q

the limbic association area is involved in

A

motivation, memory, and emotions.

103
Q

1) The primary motor cortex contains….

Which projects …..

A

the upper motoneurons, which project directly to the spinal cord and activate lower motoneurons that innervate skeletal muscle

104
Q

The primary sensory cortex consist of

A

the primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, and primary somatosensory cortex

105
Q

The primary sensory cortex receives information from

A

from sensory receptors in the periphery, with only a few intervening synapses.

106
Q

Secondary and tertiary sensory and motor areas surround

A

the primary areas

107
Q

Secondary and tertiary sensory and motor areas functions

A

are involved with more complex processing by connecting to association areas.

108
Q

There are ….. deep nuclei of the cerebral hemispheres

A

three

109
Q

There are three deep nuclei of the cerebral hemispheres they are

A

Basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala.

110
Q

The basal ganglia consist of

A

the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus.

111
Q

The basal ganglia function

A

receive input from all lobes of the cerebral cortex and have projections, via the thalamus, to the frontal cortex to assist in regulating movement.

112
Q

The hippocampus and amygdala are part of the …. system.

A

limbic

113
Q

The hippocampus function

A

Involved in memory

114
Q

amygdala function

A

involved with the emotions and communicates with the autonomic nervous system via the hypothalamus (e.g., effect of the emotions on heart rate, pupil size, and hypothalamic hormone secretion).

115
Q

The simplest synapses are

A

one-to-one connections consisting of a presynaptic element (e.g., motoneuron) and a postsynaptic element (e.g., skeletal muscle fiber).

116
Q

many synapses are more complicated and use synapses in …… to integrate converging information.

A

relay nuclei

117
Q

Relay nuclei are found throughout the CNS, but they are especially prominent in

A

the thalamus.

118
Q

Relay nuclei contain several different types of neurons including

A

local interneurons and projection neurons.

119
Q

Almost all information going to and coming from the cerebral cortex is processed in

A

thalamic relay nuclei.

120
Q

The projection neurons function

A

extend long axons out of the nuclei to synapse in other relay nuclei or in the cerebral cortex.

121
Q

in the somatosensory system, the topographic information is represented as

A

sensory homunculus in the cerebral cortex

122
Q

In the visual system, the topographic representation is called …., in the auditory system it is called ….., and so forth.

A

retinotopic

tonotopic

123
Q

Almost all sensory and motor pathways are

A

bilaterally symmetric

124
Q

sensory or motor activity on one side of the body is relayed to ……cerebral hemisphere

A

the contralateral

125
Q

Pathway crossing of CNS is called

A

decussations

126
Q

commissures

A

Areas of the brain that contain only decussating axons

127
Q

corpus callosum

A

the commissure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

128
Q

visual system pathways

A

mixed, having both crossed and uncrossed pathways.

half of the axons from each retina cross to the contralateral side and half remain ipsilateral.

129
Q

Visual fibers that cross do so in

A

the optic chiasm.

130
Q

Nerve fibers are classified according to

A

their conduction velocity, which depends on the size of the fibers and the presence or absence of myelination.

131
Q

the larger the fiber, the higher the

A

conduction velocity.

132
Q

Conduction velocity also is increased by the presence of

A

a myelin sheath around the nerve fiber.

133
Q

Thus, large myelinated nerve fibers have the …. conduction velocities, and small unmyelinated nerve fibers have the …. conduction velocities.

A

fastest

slowest

Neuroscience (23 decks)

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