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Neuroscience > Physio Labs > Flashcards

Physio Labs Flashcards

1
Q

the ability to determine fine detail and distinguish one object from another

A

Visual acuity

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2
Q

Snellen test

E charts

A

several rows of letters

only the letter E in different positions

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3
Q

some letters

disappear while you are looking at other letters. You may have

A

visual field problem

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4
Q

Having 20/20 vision means that

A

your visual acuity at 20 feet away from an object is normal

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5
Q

Refractive errors, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, occur when light rays entering the eye can’t focus exactly

A

on the nerve layer (retina

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6
Q

refraction

A

When light passes from one substance to another of different density its speed changes and the rays are bent.

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7
Q

The bending power of the cornea and vitreous humor are

A

constant

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8
Q

but the lens’s refractive strength varies when it

A

Changes shape

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9
Q

In general, light from a distant source (over 20 feet) approaches the eyes as parallel rays so

A

change in lens shape is necessary for it to focus properly on the retina.
Retina needs to be flat

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10
Q

The lens is flat because the ciliary muscle is ….. and the tension of the suspensory ligament attached to the lens is ……, so light refraction is …..

A

relaxed

increased

decreased

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11
Q

The ability of the eye to focus for close objects (less than 20 feet) is called

A

accommodation

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12
Q

To focus on near objects, the lens becomes … because the ciliary muscle ….. and the tension of the suspensory ligament is ….., so light refraction is ….

A

round
contracts
decreased
increased

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13
Q

The elasticity of the lens decreases dramatically with age, resulting in difficulty in focusing for near or close vision. This is called

A

presbyopia

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14
Q

Lens elasticity can be tested by measuring the

A

near point accommodation

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15
Q

In young adults, the near point of accommodation is about

A

10 cm from the eye.

Closer in children and further in old people

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16
Q

The eye that focuses images correctly on the retina is said to have

A

emmetropia.

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17
Q

the image focuses in front of the retina

A

myopia

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18
Q

the image focuses behind the retina

A

hyperopia

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19
Q

Irregularities in the curvature of the lens and/or the cornea lead to a blurred vision problem called

A

astigmatism

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20
Q

In astigmatism blurry images occur because

A

points of light are focused on the retina as lines rather than individual points

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21
Q

The intrinsic muscles,

controlled by the autonomic nervous system, are

A

ciliary body

Iris

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22
Q

ciliary body function

A

which changes the shape of the lens

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23
Q

Iris function

A

which controls the pupil size and regulates the amount of light rays entering the eye

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24
Q

The extrinsic muscles, controlled by the somatic nervous system, are

A

the rectus and oblique muscles,

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25
Q

the rectus and oblique muscles, functions

A

control eyeball movement and make it possible to keep moving objects focused on the fovea centralis (for central vision)

convergence, or medial eye movement, which is essential to keep both eyes aimed at a close object for near vision.

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26
Q

Pupils that dilate in response to bright light, or are sluggish to close, are abnormal and may indicate

A

a neurological disorder (such as autism, Alzheimer’s disease, etc.), or it may indicate drunkenness

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27
Q

Accomodation reflex involve

A

triad of changes when a person looks at a nearby object

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28
Q

accommodation reflex is

mediated by

A

both of the intrinsic eye muscles. The lens becomes rounder so that the divergent light rays will be refracted to focus on the fovea centralis during near vision, and the iris constricts to reduce divergent light rays from entering the eye for a sharper image. The convergence reflex is mediated by the extrinsic eye muscles. Medial movement of the eyeball keeps the pupil aligned with the object as it moves closer.

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29
Q

Pathway of accommodation

A
  1. Afferent impulses from retina pass along the normal visual pathway to reach the visual areas in the occipital lobe 2. From the visual areas fibers descend to the oculomotor (3rd cranial nerve) nucleus of both side in the midbrain.
  2. Efferent fibers pass along the 3 rd cranial nerve to the eye to supply the following muscles:
    Medial rectus muscle
    Constrictor pupillae muscle
    Ciliaris muscle
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30
Q

In accommodation reflex the fibers reach the lateral geniculate body and the occipital cortex but they donot pass through

A

the pretectal nucleus situated in midbrain.

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31
Q

Direct pupillary reflex checks health of

A

Optic and occulomotor nerve of the same eye

32
Q

InDirect pupillary reflex checks health of

A

Occulomotor nerve of the same eye and optic nerve of the other eye.

33
Q

The basis of distinguishing colors is based on the presence of

A

3 separate photopigments sensitive to different wavelengths of light in different cones.

34
Q

3 separate photopigments are most sensitive to

A

Blue
Green
Red
Respectively

35
Q

The perception of colors of different hues is mediated by

A

varying degrees of excitation of cones bearing different photopigments.

36
Q

The blue sensitive photopigment is encoded in the …. chromosome of the human genome, and the green and red sensitive photopigment is encoded in the genes on …… Color blindness is mostly a …. disorder

A

7th

the X chromosome

genetic

37
Q

Protanopia

A

red color blindness,

38
Q

Deuteranopia

A

green color blindness

39
Q

tritanopia

A

blue color blindness.

40
Q

the Ishihara test,

A

Color blind test

41
Q

reflex is made possible by

A

neural pathways called reflex arcs which can act on an impulse before that impulse reaches the brain.

42
Q

automatic response to a stimulus that does not receive or need
conscious thought.

A

Reflex

43
Q

the operation of reflexes.

A
  1. Receptor detects the internal or external change.
  2. Sensory neuron transmits nerve impulses from the receptor into the brain or spinal cord.
  3. Interneuron serves as processing center, conducts nerve impulses from the sensory neuron to a motor neuron.
  4. Motor neuron: conducts motor output fron the brain or spinal cord to the periphery.
  5. Effecter can be a muscle or gland. It responses to stimulation by the motor neuron and produces the reflex or behavioral action.
44
Q

Wires attached to head by salty base that conducts electricity

A

Electrodes

45
Q

Wave amplitude is measured by… and indicates….

A

Microvolts

How much electricity is going beneath the electrodes

46
Q

EEG paterns are due to

A

Postsynaptic Graded potential

47
Q

A high amplitude (يعني من فوق لتحت) indicates

A

Many neurons activated

Synchronous

48
Q

A low amplitude

A

Neurons are less activated

Asynchronous

49
Q

Amplitude range

A

0.5-100 microvolt

50
Q

Wave frequency indicates and is measured by

A

Hertz

How often the wave cycles from max to min amplitude

51
Q

Range of frequency

A

1-40 hz

52
Q

Low frequency indicates while high frequency indicates

A

Less responsive states

High alerts

53
Q

Distinct levels of frequency

A

Beta (14-30) Hz
Alpha (8-13) Hz
Theta (4-7) Hz
Delta (lower than 3.5)

54
Q

Patterns are abnormal over

A

Diseased or damaged areas

55
Q

A shift from a low amplitude to a high one means

A

Epileptic seizure

56
Q

High amplitude in epilepsy reaches

A

1000 mv

57
Q

Epilepsy can cause

A

Seizure
Loss of consciousness
Changes in behaviour

58
Q

2 ways of transmission of sound waves

A

Air (ossicle)

Bone construction

59
Q

A normal ear hears better in

A

2X better in ossicle ratger tham bone

60
Q

Our own voice is transferred via

A

Both air and bone

61
Q

Steps of air transmission

A

Waves in air vibrate fluid in cochlea which moves trympanic memebrane, middle ear ossicle and oval window

62
Q

In normal hearing weber is
R rinne
L rinne

A

Centralized in middle
+
+

63
Q

If right ear is conducive hearing loss then

A

Weber: right centralized
Right Rinne : negative
Left rinne: positive

64
Q

If a right ear has sensory neural loss then

A

Weber: left centralized
Right rinne: pathological positive
Left rinne: positive

65
Q

an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus

A

Reflex

66
Q

neural pathways which can act on an impulse before that impulse reaches the brain.

A

called reflex arcs

67
Q

Lesions that damage the sensory or motor limb of a reflex arc will

A

diminish that reflex.

68
Q

the net result of lesions that damage the descending tracts is facilitation of reflexes that are mediated

A

at only the level of the spinal cord

69
Q

After acute lesions, spinal reflexes often pass through an initial stage of hypoactivity. This stage has been called

A

spinal shock” or diaschisis

70
Q

When reflexes return after spinal transection, they become

A

extremely hyperactive.

71
Q

a simple reflex, with the receptor neuron having direct connections to the muscle spindle apparatus in the muscle and with the alpha motor neurons in the central nervous system that send axons back to that muscle

A

myotatic) reflex i

72
Q

the ability to discern between two points touching the skin.

A

Two-point discrimination

73
Q

Two factors determine two-point discrimination:

A

density of sensory receptors, and size of neuronal receptive fields.

74
Q

Fingertips have….. more density of sensory receptors than the hand.

A

3-4 times

75
Q

specific sensory space that if simulated will result in the activation of that particular neurone.

A

receptive field of that neurone.

76
Q

areas with the most sensitive two-point discrimination should have

A

high density of receptors with small receptive fields.

Neuroscience (23 decks)

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