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Neuroscience > Introduction to Central Nervous System Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Central Nervous System Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system functions

A
  • controls other systems & coordinates their activity
  • evaluates stimuli from outer environment and body
  • gives proper responses
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2
Q

The nervous system is
a highly complex part of human body
that coordinates its actions and sensory information
by

A

transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body

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3
Q

Neuron

A

nerve cell and all its processes

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4
Q

Neurons are excitable cells that are specialized for

A

the reception of stimuli and the conduction of the nerve impulses

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5
Q

The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the ……. to respond to such events

A

endocrine system

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6
Q

Average size of neurons

A

60 – 120 cm

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7
Q

A neuron, or nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via

A

specialized connections called synapses

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8
Q

Anaxonic neurons

A

Have more than 2 processes and axons can’t be distinguished from dendrites

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9
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Have 2 processes separated by cell body

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10
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

Single elongated process with cell body situated to one side

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11
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Have more than 2 processes, single axon multiple dendrities

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12
Q

Motor neurons that control

A

muscle contractions

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13
Q

Motor neurons shape

A

a cell body on one end, a long axon in the middle and dendrites on the other end

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14
Q

Motor neurons are divided into

A

Somatic

Visceral

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15
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A
  • ά: extrafusal muscle fibers
  • β intrafusal muscle fibers
  • γ both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated (supplied)
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16
Q

Somatic motor neurons function

A

Supplies skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Visceral motor neurons function

A

Supplies symphatic and para symphatic fibers

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18
Q

Sensory neurons shape

A

have dendrites on both ends, connected by a

long axon with a cell body in the middle

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19
Q

Types of sensory neurons

A

Somatic
Special
Visceral

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20
Q

Functions of somatic sensory neurons

A

Carries senses from body surface or golgi tendon organs, joint capsule, fascia

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21
Q

Special sensory neurons function

A

It carries senses such as sight, smell and taste

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22
Q

Visceral Sensory neurons functions

A

carry sensations from internal organs, glands and vascular wall

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23
Q

Interneurons, or associative neurons function

A

carry information between motor and sensory neurons

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24
Q

The cell body is the body of the neuron. As it contains the nucleus so?

A

most protein synthesis occurs here.

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25
Q

Nucleus of neurons diameter

A

3-18 micrometers

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26
Q

The dendrites of a neuron are

A

cellular extensions with many branches

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27
Q

The axon is

A

finer, cable-like projection that can extend tens, hundreds, or even tens of thousands of times the diameter of the soma in length

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28
Q

Dendrites are where the majority of input to the neuron occurs, it occurs via via

A

the dendritic spine

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29
Q

Axons function

A

primarily carries nerve signals away from the body and carries some types of information back to it

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30
Q

axon hillock

A

The part of the axon where it emerges from the body

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31
Q

most easily excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon

A

Axon hillock

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32
Q

The axon terminal is found at ………. and contains ……

A

the end of the axon farthest from the body

synapses

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33
Q

Schwann cells (or oligodendrocytes) are located at

A

regular intervals along the process (axons and, for some neurons, dendrites)

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34
Q

Between areas of myelin are non-myelinated areas called

A

nodes of Ranvier

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35
Q

Myelin is

A

fat

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36
Q

Myelin acts as an

A

insulator (substance which doesn’t allow the passage of heat or sound)

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37
Q

membrane coated with myelin will not conduct an impulse, why

A

Because fat (myelin) acts as an insulator

38
Q

So, in a myelinated neuron, action potentials only occur along

A

the nodes of ranvier

39
Q

saltatory conduction

A

impulses ‘jump’ over the areas of myelin - going from node to node

40
Q

synapse

A

a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell

41
Q

Synaptic boutons are

A

specialized structures where neurotransmitter chemicals are released to communicate with target neurons

42
Q

Types of synapses

A
  • axo-axonic
  • dendro-dendritic
  • axo-secretory
  • somato-dendritic
  • dendro-somatic, and
  • somato-somatic synapses
43
Q

Neurotransmitters bind to

A

receptors on postsynaptic neurons

44
Q

When Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic neurons they change

A

transmembrane potential of postsynaptic membrane

45
Q

Neurotransmitters can either be

A

stimulant or inhibitor

46
Q

In an electrical synapse, the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell membranes are connected by special channels called

A

gap junctions

47
Q

gap junctions function

A

are capable of passing an electric current, causing voltage changes in the presynaptic cell to induce voltage changes in the postsynaptic cell

48
Q

The main advantage of an electrical synapse is

A

the rapid transfer of signals from one cell to the next

49
Q

Gray matter

A

major component of the central nervous system consisting of neuronal cell bodies

50
Q

White matter

A

areas of the (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts

51
Q

Tracts

A

myelinated axons

52
Q

Nucleus

A

a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

53
Q

The neurons in one nucleus usually have roughly similar

A

connections and functions

54
Q

Ganglion

A

a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

55
Q

Difference between nucleus and ganglion

A

Nucleus is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system while ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

56
Q

ganglia in the somatic nervous system

A

dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others

57
Q

In the autonomic nervous system there are …… ganglia which contain ……

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

the cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons respectively

58
Q

PNS consists of

A

Motor division

Sensory division

59
Q

A nerve tract is

A

a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system

60
Q

Fasciculus

A

tract

61
Q

In the peripheral nervous system nerve tract is known as as a……., and has ………

A

as a nerve, and has associated connective tissue

62
Q

OTHER CELLS of the nervous system

A
  • Glial cells
  • Mikroglialar
  • Astrositler
  • Ependymal cells
63
Q

Receptors classified based on stimulus type

function

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Nosiseptors
  • Photoreceptors
64
Q

Nosiseptors

A

respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain

65
Q

Photoreceptors

A

are capable of phototransduction, a process which converts light (electromagnetic radiation) into electrical signals

66
Q

Receptors are classified into 3 types based on location

A

Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
Proprioceptors

67
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Located near body surface
Specialised to perceive stimuli from the external environment
Eg: receptors for vision, hearing, smell, taste

68
Q

Interoreceptors

A

Specialised to perceive sensory information from visceral organs

69
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Located in joint capsules, tendons, muscle fibers
, inner ear
Specialised to perceive information thar relates to an awareness of the body in space and movement

70
Q

Types of proprioceptors

A 
Muscle spindles (length of a muscle)
Golgi tendons (tension of a muscle)
71
Q

Types of sensory receptors depending on nerves ending

A

Free nerve ending
Enclosed nerve ending
Specialised receptor cell (hair cell)

72
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A 
Meissners corpuscles (touch)
Pacinian corpuscles (pressure)
Ruffini’s corpuscles (pressure)
Merkels discs (touch)
Proprioceptors
73
Q

Muscle spindles are

A

stretch receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle

74
Q

Muscle spindles function

A

They convey length information to the central nervous system via afferent nerve fibers

75
Q

Muscle Spindle consists of

A

Bundle of intrafusal muscle fibers

76
Q

The Golgi tendon organ is

A

a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension

77
Q

(CNS) functions

A 
• Evaluates sensations from
inner & outer environment
• Produces impulses for conscious &
unconscious movements
• Provides hormonal balance by
controlling endocrine system
• Coordinates intelligence, memory, learning & emotions
78
Q

Parts of cns

A

Spinal cord

Encephalon

79
Q

Parts of encephalon

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombensephalon (hindbrain)
80
Q

Prosencephalon consists of

A
  • Telencephalon

* Diencephalon

81
Q

Rhombensephalon consists of

A

•Myelencephalon ➢ medulla oblongata •Metencephalon ➢ cerebellum, pons

82
Q

spinal cord is in ……

Prosencephalon, cerebellum & brain stem-are in ….

A

Vertebral canal

Cranium

83
Q

Somatic PNS consists of

A
  • Cranial nerves

- Spinal nerves

84
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of

A
  • All nn outside the CNS
  • Axons of neurons in CNS
  • Neurons in ganglia and their extensions
  • Afferent • Efferent
85
Q

Extending from the CNS are…. pairs of CRANIAL nerves and….. pairs of SPINAL nerves

A

12

31

86
Q

CRANIAL nerves and SPINAL nerves functions

A

modulate somatic sensory, special sensory and motor functions

87
Q

Motor devision of pns consists of

A

Antonomic nervous System ( symphatic/ para symphatic)

Somatic system

88
Q

VISCERAL or SPLANCHNIC nn form

A

the peripheral part of AUTONOMIC nervous system

89
Q

Autonomic nervous system parts

A
  • Sympathetic part
  • Parasympathetic part
  • Enteric part
90
Q

A dermatome

A

is the cutaneous area supplied by a single spinal nerve root

Neuroscience (23 decks)

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