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Introduction to Central Nervous System Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system functions

A
  • controls other systems & coordinates their activity
  • evaluates stimuli from outer environment and body
  • gives proper responses
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2
Q

The nervous system is
a highly complex part of human body
that coordinates its actions and sensory information
by

A

transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body

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3
Q

Neuron

A

nerve cell and all its processes

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4
Q

Neurons are excitable cells that are specialized for

A

the reception of stimuli and the conduction of the nerve impulses

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5
Q

The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the ……. to respond to such events

A

endocrine system

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6
Q

Average size of neurons

A

60 – 120 cm

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7
Q

A neuron, or nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via

A

specialized connections called synapses

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8
Q

Anaxonic neurons

A

Have more than 2 processes and axons can’t be distinguished from dendrites

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9
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Have 2 processes separated by cell body

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10
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

Single elongated process with cell body situated to one side

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11
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Have more than 2 processes, single axon multiple dendrities

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12
Q

Motor neurons that control

A

muscle contractions

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13
Q

Motor neurons shape

A

a cell body on one end, a long axon in the middle and dendrites on the other end

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14
Q

Motor neurons are divided into

A

Somatic

Visceral

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15
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A
  • ά: extrafusal muscle fibers
  • β intrafusal muscle fibers
  • γ both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated (supplied)
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16
Q

Somatic motor neurons function

A

Supplies skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Visceral motor neurons function

A

Supplies symphatic and para symphatic fibers

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18
Q

Sensory neurons shape

A

have dendrites on both ends, connected by a

long axon with a cell body in the middle

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19
Q

Types of sensory neurons

A

Somatic
Special
Visceral

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20
Q

Functions of somatic sensory neurons

A

Carries senses from body surface or golgi tendon organs, joint capsule, fascia

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21
Q

Special sensory neurons function

A

It carries senses such as sight, smell and taste

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22
Q

Visceral Sensory neurons functions

A

carry sensations from internal organs, glands and vascular wall

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23
Q

Interneurons, or associative neurons function

A

carry information between motor and sensory neurons

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24
Q

The cell body is the body of the neuron. As it contains the nucleus so?

A

most protein synthesis occurs here.

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25
Nucleus of neurons diameter
3-18 micrometers
26
The dendrites of a neuron are
cellular extensions with many branches
27
The axon is
finer, cable-like projection that can extend tens, hundreds, or even tens of thousands of times the diameter of the soma in length
28
Dendrites are where the majority of input to the neuron occurs, it occurs via via
the dendritic spine
29
Axons function
primarily carries nerve signals away from the body and carries some types of information back to it
30
axon hillock
The part of the axon where it emerges from the body
31
most easily excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon
Axon hillock
32
The axon terminal is found at .......... and contains ......
the end of the axon farthest from the body | synapses
33
Schwann cells (or oligodendrocytes) are located at
regular intervals along the process (axons and, for some neurons, dendrites)
34
Between areas of myelin are non-myelinated areas called
nodes of Ranvier
35
Myelin is
fat
36
Myelin acts as an
insulator (substance which doesn’t allow the passage of heat or sound)
37
membrane coated with myelin will not conduct an impulse, why
Because fat (myelin) acts as an insulator
38
So, in a myelinated neuron, action potentials only occur along
the nodes of ranvier
39
saltatory conduction
impulses 'jump' over the areas of myelin - going from node to node
40
synapse
a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell
41
Synaptic boutons are
specialized structures where neurotransmitter chemicals are released to communicate with target neurons
42
Types of synapses
* axo-axonic * dendro-dendritic * axo-secretory * somato-dendritic * dendro-somatic, and * somato-somatic synapses
43
Neurotransmitters bind to
receptors on postsynaptic neurons
44
When Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic neurons they change
transmembrane potential of postsynaptic membrane
45
Neurotransmitters can either be
stimulant or inhibitor
46
In an electrical synapse, the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell membranes are connected by special channels called
gap junctions
47
gap junctions function
are capable of passing an electric current, causing voltage changes in the presynaptic cell to induce voltage changes in the postsynaptic cell
48
The main advantage of an electrical synapse is
the rapid transfer of signals from one cell to the next
49
Gray matter
major component of the central nervous system consisting of neuronal cell bodies
50
White matter
areas of the (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts
51
Tracts
myelinated axons
52
Nucleus
a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
53
The neurons in one nucleus usually have roughly similar
connections and functions
54
Ganglion
a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
55
Difference between nucleus and ganglion
Nucleus is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system while ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
56
ganglia in the somatic nervous system
dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others
57
In the autonomic nervous system there are ...... ganglia which contain ......
sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia the cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons respectively
58
PNS consists of
Motor division | Sensory division
59
A nerve tract is
a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system
60
Fasciculus
tract
61
In the peripheral nervous system nerve tract is known as as a......., and has .........
as a nerve, and has associated connective tissue
62
OTHER CELLS of the nervous system
* Glial cells * Mikroglialar * Astrositler * Ependymal cells
63
Receptors classified based on stimulus type | function
* Mechanoreceptors * Thermoreceptors * Baroreceptors * Chemoreceptors * Nosiseptors * Photoreceptors
64
Nosiseptors
respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain
65
Photoreceptors
are capable of phototransduction, a process which converts light (electromagnetic radiation) into electrical signals
66
Receptors are classified into 3 types based on location
Exteroceptors Interoceptors Proprioceptors
67
Exteroceptors
Located near body surface Specialised to perceive stimuli from the external environment Eg: receptors for vision, hearing, smell, taste
68
Interoreceptors
Specialised to perceive sensory information from visceral organs
69
Proprioceptors
Located in joint capsules, tendons, muscle fibers , inner ear Specialised to perceive information thar relates to an awareness of the body in space and movement
70
Types of proprioceptors
``` Muscle spindles (length of a muscle) Golgi tendons (tension of a muscle) ```
71
Types of sensory receptors depending on nerves ending
Free nerve ending Enclosed nerve ending Specialised receptor cell (hair cell)
72
Encapsulated nerve endings
``` Meissners corpuscles (touch) Pacinian corpuscles (pressure) Ruffini’s corpuscles (pressure) Merkels discs (touch) Proprioceptors ```
73
Muscle spindles are
stretch receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle
74
Muscle spindles function
They convey length information to the central nervous system via afferent nerve fibers
75
Muscle Spindle consists of
Bundle of intrafusal muscle fibers
76
The Golgi tendon organ is
a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension
77
(CNS) functions
``` • Evaluates sensations from inner & outer environment • Produces impulses for conscious & unconscious movements • Provides hormonal balance by controlling endocrine system • Coordinates intelligence, memory, learning & emotions ```
78
Parts of cns
Spinal cord | Encephalon
79
Parts of encephalon
1. Prosencephalon (forebrain) 2. Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3. Rhombensephalon (hindbrain)
80
Prosencephalon consists of
* Telencephalon | * Diencephalon
81
Rhombensephalon consists of
•Myelencephalon ➢ medulla oblongata •Metencephalon ➢ cerebellum, pons
82
spinal cord is in ...... Prosencephalon, cerebellum & brain stem-are in ....
Vertebral canal | Cranium
83
Somatic PNS consists of
- Cranial nerves | - Spinal nerves
84
Peripheral nervous system consists of
* All nn outside the CNS * Axons of neurons in CNS * Neurons in ganglia and their extensions * Afferent • Efferent
85
Extending from the CNS are.... pairs of CRANIAL nerves and..... pairs of SPINAL nerves
12 | 31
86
CRANIAL nerves and SPINAL nerves functions
modulate somatic sensory, special sensory and motor functions
87
Motor devision of pns consists of
Antonomic nervous System ( symphatic/ para symphatic) | Somatic system
88
VISCERAL or SPLANCHNIC nn form
the peripheral part of AUTONOMIC nervous system
89
Autonomic nervous system parts
* Sympathetic part * Parasympathetic part * Enteric part
90
A dermatome
is the cutaneous area supplied by a single spinal nerve root

Neuroscience (23 decks)

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