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psyc 305 > physiological approach,evolutionary approach, learning and behavior > Flashcards

physiological approach,evolutionary approach, learning and behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological approach

A

Temperament:Biologically based traits present at birth (can predict future characteristics in adult hood)

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2
Q

Which personality traits have strong biological basis

A

extraversion and neuroticism

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3
Q

Adult traits related to temperament

A

sociability+activity level (extraversion) and excitability (neuroticism)

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4
Q

Eysenck’s Theory of Personality

A

Extraversion and introversion represent different levels of physiological arousal

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5
Q

extraverts:

A

Below optimal level (under-aroused)

*Seek out social interactions for stimulation

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6
Q

Introverts

A

above optimal level(over-aroused)

*Avoid excessive stimulation

doesnt mean theyre shy

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7
Q

Eysenck’s Theory: Evidence:

A

introverts prefer and perform better in quiet environment (library)

-extraverts set volume higher than introverts

-introverts are morning people, extraverts are night people

-extroverts tend to use stimulants and introverts tend to use sedatives

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8
Q

Alternate Theory: Gray
Reinforcement sensitivity

A

how sensitive you are to rewards and punishments

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9
Q

Grey’s Two systems

A

1)Behavioral activation system (BAS)
-hypersensitive to reward
*positive emotionality
*seeking out good things
*seek novelty

2)Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
-sensitivity to punishment
*very fearful,insecure
*negative emotionality

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10
Q

How can we integrate Gray and eyesenk?

A

Grays dimensions are a rotation of Eyesenck’s dimensions

High BAS=impulsitivity=E+N+(high extroversion, high neuroticism)

High Bis=Avoidance=E-N+(low extraversion, high neuroticism)

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11
Q

Dopamine and mice

A

High dopamine mice very active, explored their cage

Low dopamine mince are lethargic, dont eat/drink

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12
Q

Dopamine

A

Linked to high Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

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13
Q

Genetic Basis for Sensation Seeking
(dopamine)

A

Long version of dopamine receptor gene (D4DR)= high sensation seeking

Short version of D4DR= low sensation seeking

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14
Q

Serotonin

A

Negatively related to Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

high serotonin=low BIS

low serotonin=depression,anxiety

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15
Q

serotonin drugs

A

MDMA(recreational drug) increases serotonin
*Lowers inhibitions, increases feelings of warmth

SSRIs (medical drugs) like Prozac, Lexapro, and others also increase serotonin
*Reduce depression and anxiety

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16
Q

Testosterone

A

Linked to aggression (Eyesenk’s Psychoticism)

Men are higher in Testosterone, also more aggressive in all cultures

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17
Q

Neuro-Anatomical Approach to personality

A

There are regions in the brain associated with particular aspects of personality and behaviors

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18
Q

Patterns of brain activity associated with personality

A

Right prefrontal cortex: withdrawal (BIS)

Left prefrontal cortex: approach

Orbitofrontal cortex:anticipation of rewards and punishment (BIS AND BAS)

Medial prefrontal cortex: self referential judgments

Amygdala: fear, emotion regulation

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19
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

We are biologically programmed to engage in behaviors that facilitate survival and reproductions

Result is a human nature that reflects behaviors that have been adaptive through evolutionary history

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20
Q

inclusive fitness

A

Explains behaviors that seem maladaptive

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21
Q

Altruism,self sacrifice

A

Prediction:more altruism(self sacrifice) toward kin than non-kin

Inclusive fitness has been used to explain gay gene

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22
Q

Evidence for the evolutionary perspective on personality

A

Humans across cultures and non-human primates show similar social behavior:

-attachment(child-parent)

-affiliation

-coalitions

-Status hierarchies

-Competitions for resources

-Emotion expressions

-Sexual jealousy

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23
Q

Universal emotions:

A

people in all cultures share same emotional expressions

24
Q

Why are emotion expressions adaptive?

A

Send message that can save lives of sender and receiver

fear-avoid danger
disgust-this food will make u sick

25
Are there other universal emotion expressions
yes,pride
26
Why would pride expression be adaptive
Occurs after success, so may communicate success to others *High status increases a person’s chance of survival and reproduction
27
Pride expression
89% of people could recognize pride -head and neck tilted back slightly(look above others, approach orientated) -expanded postures(high status) -slight smile (social cohesion)
28
Burkina Faso study
-farmers with no education, no exposure to western media Could they recognize pride: 57% could Recognized pride(3rd) better than all other emotions except happiness(1st) and surprise (2nd)
29
Do people actually show the pride expression after a success?
yes, it evolved to communicate success and should occur after success ie:judo competition, all culture show pride in response to success/winning
30
is pride innate?
yes, blind athlete study
31
is pride universsally recognize
yes
32
Sex differences in evolutionary perspective:
Men fertilize externally Women fertilize internally Different adaptive problems between men and women based on how they fertilize Result:gender specific relationship strategies and desires
33
Jealousy is the adaptive solution
Motivates people to make sure they’re not being cheated on
34
Gender differences in mating problem should lead to gender differences in source of jealousy
External fertilization(men)-> sexual jealousy Internal fertilization(women)->emotional jealousy Men should be jealous of women having sex with someone else, women should be jealous of men falling in love with someone else
35
Buss(1992)
Men are more distressed by physical cheating, women more jealous by emotional cheating
36
Study tested for gender difference in “double shot”
Women more likely to think that for men, being in love means also having sex Men more likely to think that for women having sex, also means being in love Jealousy difference may due to a “double shot” effect
37
Cognitive load study(cognitive load: occupying the mind with other things so they don't think as much)
Found that women became more like men when both are under cognitive load Both gender found sexual infidelity problematic
38
How else might we account for the sex difference?
Distinct emotion findings -Sexual infidelity leads to anger -Emotional infidelity leads to sadness difference is in negativity of different emotions -Men find anger more problematic, women find sadness more problematic -Men want to avoid anger, women want to avoid sadness
39
further evidence for buss
men want more sexual partners that women in a lifetime men would agree to have sex with stranger more than women even more if she is a friend of a friend
40
another explanation (conley)
argued that men are less desirable and more dangerous casual sex partners so its more appealing if woman ask to have sex
41
Conley et al
bi men and women asked to accept offers of casual sex from both men and women -both said more likely to accept offers from women, but men are still more likely to accept offers -but when the person asking was female, gender difference was smaller(men and women around equally agreed)
42
2020 psyc science (walter) Asked about preference for a variety of traits in a partner
Men cared more about physical attractiveness Women care more about financial prospect Men prefer younger women, women prefer older men
43
The Big 5
Innate psychological mechanisms and behavioral strategies that developed to help us solve problem of survival and reproduction
44
Big 5 and relation to survival problems:
Extraversion->social rank,cooperation Emotional stability-> resilience to stress, adaptability Agreeableness->intimacy, altruism Conscientiousness->work,trust,dependability openness ->learning, exploration, versatility
45
High end of each trait cannot be completely adaptive
Heritability of that variation suggest that the variation is what is adaptive
46
Why are some people introverted if extraversion is adaptive
-Frequency dependent selection:Certain traits are adaptive only if there are also people who have the opposite
47
Environmental triggers
We all have the potential to become neurotic, but it is more adaptive in adverse conditions
48
The Cognitive approach to personality
1940’s:Behaviorism Classical conditions (watson) Operant condition (Skinner) 1970’s:Cognitive revolution -bandura:social learning -george kelly: personal construct
49
Behaviorism:
personality is a set of learned responses to the environment
50
Skinner’s approach
Method: systematic observation and controlled experimentation
51
Behaviorist approach
We can only study observable behavior
52
Classical Conditioning (watson)
Clockwork orange: Alex injected with nausea drug( unconditioned stimulus) while watching violence Alex feels nauseous (unconditioned response) Alex thinks about violence or acts violent (conditioned stimulus) Alex feels sick and avoids acting violent (conditioned response)
53
anthony burgess on skinner
If you have innate desire for violence, its better to know that these things are immoral and have consequences, rather than society conditions you to not be violent
54
shift to cognitive perspective
Social learning
55
Social learning
1.observe behaviors of others being rewarded 2.use your mind to connect whats happening and how it might happen to u
56

psyc 305 (12 decks)

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