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psyc 305 > physiological approach,evolutionary approach, learning and behavior > Flashcards

physiological approach,evolutionary approach, learning and behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological approach

A

Temperament:Biologically based traits present at birth (can predict future characteristics in adult hood)

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2
Q

Which personality traits have strong biological basis

A

extraversion and neuroticism

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3
Q

Adult traits related to temperament

A

sociability+activity level (extraversion) and excitability (neuroticism)

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4
Q

Eysenck’s Theory of Personality

A

Extraversion and introversion represent different levels of physiological arousal

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5
Q

extraverts:

A

Below optimal level (under-aroused)

*Seek out social interactions for stimulation

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6
Q

Introverts

A

above optimal level(over-aroused)

*Avoid excessive stimulation

doesnt mean theyre shy

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7
Q

Eysenck’s Theory: Evidence:

A

introverts prefer and perform better in quiet environment (library)

-extraverts set volume higher than introverts

-introverts are morning people, extraverts are night people

-extroverts tend to use stimulants and introverts tend to use sedatives

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8
Q

Alternate Theory: Gray
Reinforcement sensitivity

A

how sensitive you are to rewards and punishments

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9
Q

Grey’s Two systems

A

1)Behavioral activation system (BAS)
-hypersensitive to reward
*positive emotionality
*seeking out good things
*seek novelty

2)Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
-sensitivity to punishment
*very fearful,insecure
*negative emotionality

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10
Q

How can we integrate Gray and eyesenk?

A

Grays dimensions are a rotation of Eyesenck’s dimensions

High BAS=impulsitivity=E+N+(high extroversion, high neuroticism)

High Bis=Avoidance=E-N+(low extraversion, high neuroticism)

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11
Q

Dopamine and mice

A

High dopamine mice very active, explored their cage

Low dopamine mince are lethargic, dont eat/drink

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12
Q

Dopamine

A

Linked to high Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

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13
Q

Genetic Basis for Sensation Seeking
(dopamine)

A

Long version of dopamine receptor gene (D4DR)= high sensation seeking

Short version of D4DR= low sensation seeking

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14
Q

Serotonin

A

Negatively related to Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

high serotonin=low BIS

low serotonin=depression,anxiety

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15
Q

serotonin drugs

A

MDMA(recreational drug) increases serotonin
*Lowers inhibitions, increases feelings of warmth

SSRIs (medical drugs) like Prozac, Lexapro, and others also increase serotonin
*Reduce depression and anxiety

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16
Q

Testosterone

A

Linked to aggression (Eyesenk’s Psychoticism)

Men are higher in Testosterone, also more aggressive in all cultures

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17
Q

Neuro-Anatomical Approach to personality

A

There are regions in the brain associated with particular aspects of personality and behaviors

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18
Q

Patterns of brain activity associated with personality

A

Right prefrontal cortex: withdrawal (BIS)

Left prefrontal cortex: approach

Orbitofrontal cortex:anticipation of rewards and punishment (BIS AND BAS)

Medial prefrontal cortex: self referential judgments

Amygdala: fear, emotion regulation

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19
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

We are biologically programmed to engage in behaviors that facilitate survival and reproductions

Result is a human nature that reflects behaviors that have been adaptive through evolutionary history

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20
Q

inclusive fitness

A

Explains behaviors that seem maladaptive

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21
Q

Altruism,self sacrifice

A

Prediction:more altruism(self sacrifice) toward kin than non-kin

Inclusive fitness has been used to explain gay gene

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22
Q

Evidence for the evolutionary perspective on personality

A

Humans across cultures and non-human primates show similar social behavior:

-attachment(child-parent)

-affiliation

-coalitions

-Status hierarchies

-Competitions for resources

-Emotion expressions

-Sexual jealousy

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23
Q

Universal emotions:

A

people in all cultures share same emotional expressions

24
Q

Why are emotion expressions adaptive?

A

Send message that can save lives of sender and receiver

fear-avoid danger
disgust-this food will make u sick

25
Q

Are there other universal emotion expressions

A

yes,pride

26
Q

Why would pride expression be adaptive

A

Occurs after success, so may communicate success to others
*High status increases a person’s chance of survival and reproduction

27
Q

Pride expression

A

89% of people could recognize pride

-head and neck tilted back slightly(look above others, approach orientated)
-expanded postures(high status)
-slight smile (social cohesion)

28
Q

Burkina Faso study

A

-farmers with no education, no exposure to western media

Could they recognize pride: 57% could

Recognized pride(3rd) better than all other emotions except happiness(1st) and surprise (2nd)

29
Q

Do people actually show the pride expression after a success?

A

yes, it evolved to communicate success and should occur after success

ie:judo competition, all culture show pride in response to success/winning

30
Q

is pride innate?

A

yes, blind athlete study

31
Q

is pride universsally recognize

A

yes

32
Q

Sex differences in evolutionary perspective:

A

Men fertilize externally

Women fertilize internally

Different adaptive problems between men and women based on how they fertilize

Result:gender specific relationship strategies and desires

33
Q

Jealousy is the adaptive solution

A

Motivates people to make sure they’re not being cheated on

34
Q

Gender differences in mating problem should lead to gender differences in source of jealousy

A

External fertilization(men)-> sexual jealousy

Internal fertilization(women)->emotional jealousy

Men should be jealous of women having sex with someone else, women should be jealous of men falling in love with someone else

35
Q

Buss(1992)

A

Men are more distressed by physical cheating, women more jealous by emotional cheating

36
Q

Study tested for gender difference in “double shot”

A

Women more likely to think that for men, being in love means also having sex

Men more likely to think that for women having sex, also means being in love

Jealousy difference may due to a “double shot” effect

37
Q

Cognitive load study(cognitive load: occupying the mind with other things so they don’t think as much)

A

Found that women became more like men when both are under cognitive load

Both gender found sexual infidelity problematic

38
Q

How else might we account for the sex difference?

A

Distinct emotion findings
-Sexual infidelity leads to anger
-Emotional infidelity leads to sadness

difference is in negativity of different emotions
-Men find anger more problematic, women find sadness more problematic
-Men want to avoid anger, women want to avoid sadness

39
Q

further evidence for buss

A

men want more sexual partners that women in a lifetime

men would agree to have sex with stranger more than women

even more if she is a friend of a friend

40
Q

another explanation (conley)

A

argued that men are less desirable and more dangerous casual sex partners so its more appealing if woman ask to have sex

41
Q

Conley et al

A

bi men and women asked to accept offers of casual sex from both men and women

-both said more likely to accept offers from women, but men are still more likely to accept offers

-but when the person asking was female, gender difference was smaller(men and women around equally agreed)

42
Q

2020 psyc science (walter)
Asked about preference for a variety of traits in a partner

A

Men cared more about physical attractiveness

Women care more about financial prospect

Men prefer younger women, women prefer older men

43
Q

The Big 5

A

Innate psychological mechanisms and behavioral strategies that developed to help us solve problem of survival and reproduction

44
Q

Big 5 and relation to survival problems:

A

Extraversion->social rank,cooperation

Emotional stability-> resilience to stress, adaptability

Agreeableness->intimacy, altruism

Conscientiousness->work,trust,dependability

openness ->learning, exploration, versatility

45
Q

High end of each trait cannot be completely adaptive

A

Heritability of that variation suggest that the variation is what is adaptive

46
Q

Why are some people introverted if extraversion is adaptive

A

-Frequency dependent selection:Certain traits are adaptive only if there are also people who have the opposite

47
Q

Environmental triggers

A

We all have the potential to become neurotic, but it is more adaptive in adverse conditions

48
Q

The Cognitive approach to personality

A

1940’s:Behaviorism
Classical conditions (watson)
Operant condition (Skinner)

1970’s:Cognitive revolution
-bandura:social learning
-george kelly: personal construct

49
Q

Behaviorism:

A

personality is a set of learned responses to the environment

50
Q

Skinner’s approach

A

Method: systematic observation and controlled experimentation

51
Q

Behaviorist approach

A

We can only study observable behavior

52
Q

Classical Conditioning
(watson)

A

Clockwork orange: Alex injected with nausea drug( unconditioned stimulus) while watching violence
Alex feels nauseous (unconditioned response)
Alex thinks about violence or acts violent (conditioned stimulus)
Alex feels sick and avoids acting violent (conditioned response)

53
Q

anthony burgess on skinner

A

If you have innate desire for violence, its better to know that these things are immoral and have consequences, rather than society conditions you to not be violent

54
Q

shift to cognitive perspective

A

Social learning

55
Q

Social learning

A

1.observe behaviors of others being rewarded
2.use your mind to connect whats happening and how it might happen to u

56
Q
A

psyc 305 (12 decks)

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