gender differences in personality

Question 1

Damore says

Answer 1

**that there are gender differences in personality(controversial)
**
Much more men in tech than women

Question 2

Summers states

Answer 2

men are good scientists, engineers and women are good teacher,social worker

Question 3

In response to summer’s comments:

Answer 3

Steven pinker: yes, its possible that hormones act on fetus differently, affect cog and spatial abilities

Liz Spelke: NO! Children are treated differently from such an early age, we can’t ever separate the role of environment

Question 4

Why is gender diff a controversial topics:

Answer 4

Acceptance of gender differneces in ability could promote discrimination

If young children believe in differences, could inhibit success/hardwork

Question 5

Gender difference in math and science

Answer 5

Varies by culture

• Most prominent in USA, where culture dictates that math is not “cool” for girls
• In the 1980’s, American middle-school boys outperformed girls, at the highest ability level, by 13 to 1. Now 3:1

Question 6

gender differences only emerge after

Answer 6

elementary school

• When math gets harder, boys are encouraged to push harder

Question 7

Does telling women that they are genetically worse at math lower their math performance?

Answer 7

Gender difference results:

No difference in gender condition: math performance is good

Standard stereotype(primed gender): worse math performance
* standard stereotype threat: if u prime gender stereotype, they will perform more like the stereotype)

Genetics condition(essay argue for gender difference in math due to genetics): lowest math performance

Experience condition(there is gender difference in math due to experential factors): highest performance, they do really well, even better than no gender difference affect

Question 8

Conclusion of gender study and math performance

Answer 8

Telling women that gender difference is due to genes hurts their performances (lack of control)

Question 9

arguments and gender

Answer 9

Men tend to forget what they argued about a week later, women tend to remember more

Question 10

Gender difference in personality(positive effects mean men>women)

Answer 10

Extraversion
* Gregariousness (-.15)
* Assertiveness (0.5)
* Activity (0.9)

Agreebleness
* Trust (-.25)
* Tender mindedness (empathy) (-.97)
* Aggressiveness (.4)

Conscientiousness
* order(-.13)

Emotional Stability
* Anxiety(-.28)
* impulsiveness(.06)

Openness
* Ideas (0.03)

Question 11

conclusion of difference in personality

Answer 11

Women experience more neg emotions at a greater frequency and greater intensity

Women score higher on empathy

Question 12

Is there gender difference in aggression?

Answer 12

• Until age 2, there is no difference in aggression
• By age 4 or 5, boys show higher aggression
• By adolescence, boys are much more aggressive
• Conduct disorders are 6-10 times more common in boys
• Men commit more crime across cultures

Question 13

Homicide trends in us

Answer 13

Males were almost 10 times more likely than females to commit murder in 2002

male/male victim and offender is the highest percentage(65.1%)

Second is male offender /female victim(22.6%)

Third female offender/male victim(9.9%)

Last is female offender/female victim(2.4%)

Question 14

Aggression levels at age 8 vs criminal connections

Answer 14

Boys who were high in aggression at age 8 are more likely to be criminals than girls who were high in aggression
At every aggression level boys were more likely to be criminals

Question 15

Explaining the gender difference in aggression

Answer 15

Girls show aggression differently than boys

Question 16

Overt aggression (male)

Answer 16

Physical assaults

Question 17

Relational aggression (female)

Answer 17

Excluding others; withdrawing acceptance;spreading false rumors

Question 18

Overt vs relational aggression

Answer 18

Girls are engaging in much more relational aggression, boys show much more overt aggression but** levels of aggression are similar**

Question 19

Other gender differences: self-esteem

Answer 19

Men have higher self esteem than women

Question 20

Why do girls who have a greater self-esteem decline than boys

Answer 20

Girls self confidence fairly high until age 11 or 12
* Assertive bout feelings

During adolescence
* Many girls accept stereotyped notions of how they should be (behavior and looks)
* Repress true feelings
* Adopt a “nice” and woman-like-self-presentation

Idealized standards of beauty may contribute to girl’s declining self-esteem

Historically, girls bodies change with puberty in ways that made it harder to maintain the idealized body type presented by the media

Boys body changes more consistent with idealized images

Question 21

Gender difference in body types

Answer 21

Men have higher positive body image

Question 22

Body images and girl’s self-esteem decline

Answer 22

Exposure to media showing thin body ideal linked to lower self-esteem

Hypothesis: girls in countries that begin receiving magazines depicting idealized body images will have lower self-esteem

for boys, is a larger self esteem decline with exposure to magazines

**For girls, there’s an even larger drop in self-esteem with exposure to magazines
**

Question 23

Hyde et al: gender comes from

Answer 23

birth assigned gender, current gender identity, gender roles, gender social presentation, and gender evaluations

Question 24

Sex differences

Answer 24

Actual difference between males and females in personality traits, self-esteem, aggression, achievement etc.

Question 25

Gender roles

Answer 25

Stereotypes or beliefs about what it means to be a man or woman

Socialization of boys and girls to act in gender-appropriate ways

Development of gender identity

Question 26

Masculinity and femininity

Answer 26

Personality dimensions
Men and women can be high/low on both (or either)
**Masculinity: instrumentally, assertiveness, dominance

**feminity: nurturance, emotional expression, empathy
**

Question 27

Are masculinity and femininity sex-related dimensions?

Answer 27

Now typically studied as instrumentality and expressiveness or agency and communality

Question 28

Gender schemata

Answer 28

Cognitive orientations that lead people to process information through a sex-linked perspective

Question 29

One study found that variation in gender typical behaviors is partly due to gender

Answer 29

in women, 38% of variance in gender typical behavior is due to genes

genes for sex typical behavior-> but these genes might not be linked to biological sex

Question 30

Stereotypes about gender
(highly consistent across cultures) for men

Answer 30

men:
* aggressive, autonomous, achievement-orientated
*** instrumental/agentic
**

Question 31

stereotypes about women

Answer 31

Women
* affiliative, deferent, nurturant
*** communal
**

Question 32

steretypes converge with actual sex difference BUT

Answer 32

are larger/exaggerated

Question 33

Cognitive component
(gender stereotype)

Answer 33

Social categories (“dads”, “soccer mom”)

Question 34

Affective component
of gender stereotypes

Answer 34

pos/neg feelings that result from categorization
Ie:sexism, preference for one gender over the other

Question 35

Behavioral component
gender stereotypes

Answer 35

Treating people differently because of their social category
ie:job discrimination

Question 36

Prejudice against women as leaders

Answer 36

Gender stereotype: men are dominant assertive,forceful; women are nice, friendly, socially skilled

Leader role stereotype: leaders are self confident, assertive

**Leads to incongruity(women features don’t align with leader stereotype)-> leads to prejudice
**

Question 37

theories of gneder difference:Socialization theory

Answer 37

Boys and girls are raised differently

Fits with bandura’s social learning theory

Children observe and learn from same-sex parent

Question 38

Evidence supporting socialization theory

Answer 38

Parents encourage dependency in girls more than boys

More physical play with boys

Socialization differences replicate across cultures

Question 39

Dr.money and theory of “gender gate”
(botched circumcision lol)

Answer 39

Argued that before the age of 2, children’s gender is fluid

Supported idea that gender is social construction

Question 40

Hormonal theories

Answer 40

Sex differences due to different hormones
* Men have higher t levels than women

Question 41

Hormonal influences on sex differences being in utero

Answer 41

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
* Female fetus that have overactive adrenal gland are hormonally masculinized

Prefer “male” toys

criticisms for which toys are “male”
-not puzzles or logs

Question 42

Other evidence for hormonal theory

Answer 42

Women who have higher t level linked to:
* Pursuing a more masculine career
* Greater career success
* Greater dominance and aggressiveness

Females prison inmates with more disciplinary infractions have higher t levels

Question 43

Conclusions
on gender theories

Answer 43

There are on avg major biological differences between males and females
Some of these may be evolved, occur in vitro
Cultural stereotype about gender also shape personality and behavior

Question 44

Olson and colleagues tested whether trans kids show cognitive associations more similar to cisgender kids of same birth gender or same gender identity

Answer 44

Results: transgender kids were indistinguishable from cisgender kids who share same gender identity

**Trans kids have identical cog associations to similar cisgender kids
**