gender differences in personality Flashcards
Damore says
**that there are gender differences in personality(controversial)
**
Much more men in tech than women
Summers states
men are good scientists, engineers and women are good teacher,social worker
In response to summer’s comments:
Steven pinker: yes, its possible that hormones act on fetus differently, affect cog and spatial abilities
Liz Spelke: NO! Children are treated differently from such an early age, we can’t ever separate the role of environment
Why is gender diff a controversial topics:
Acceptance of gender differneces in ability could promote discrimination
If young children believe in differences, could inhibit success/hardwork
Gender difference in math and science
Varies by culture
- Most prominent in USA, where culture dictates that math is not “cool” for girls
- In the 1980’s, American middle-school boys outperformed girls, at the highest ability level, by 13 to 1. Now 3:1
gender differences only emerge after
elementary school
- When math gets harder, boys are encouraged to push harder
Does telling women that they are genetically worse at math lower their math performance?
Gender difference results:
No difference in gender condition: math performance is good
Standard stereotype(primed gender): worse math performance
* standard stereotype threat: if u prime gender stereotype, they will perform more like the stereotype)
Genetics condition(essay argue for gender difference in math due to genetics): lowest math performance
Experience condition(there is gender difference in math due to experential factors): highest performance, they do really well, even better than no gender difference affect
Conclusion of gender study and math performance
Telling women that gender difference is due to genes hurts their performances (lack of control)
arguments and gender
Men tend to forget what they argued about a week later, women tend to remember more
Gender difference in personality(positive effects mean men>women)
Extraversion
* Gregariousness (-.15)
* Assertiveness (0.5)
* Activity (0.9)
Agreebleness
* Trust (-.25)
* Tender mindedness (empathy) (-.97)
* Aggressiveness (.4)
Conscientiousness
* order(-.13)
Emotional Stability
* Anxiety(-.28)
* impulsiveness(.06)
Openness
* Ideas (0.03)
conclusion of difference in personality
Women experience more neg emotions at a greater frequency and greater intensity
Women score higher on empathy
Is there gender difference in aggression?
- Until age 2, there is no difference in aggression
- By age 4 or 5, boys show higher aggression
- By adolescence, boys are much more aggressive
- Conduct disorders are 6-10 times more common in boys
- Men commit more crime across cultures
Homicide trends in us
Males were almost 10 times more likely than females to commit murder in 2002
male/male victim and offender is the highest percentage(65.1%)
Second is male offender /female victim(22.6%)
Third female offender/male victim(9.9%)
Last is female offender/female victim(2.4%)
Aggression levels at age 8 vs criminal connections
Boys who were high in aggression at age 8 are more likely to be criminals than girls who were high in aggression
At every aggression level boys were more likely to be criminals
Explaining the gender difference in aggression
Girls show aggression differently than boys
Overt aggression (male)
Physical assaults
Relational aggression (female)
Excluding others; withdrawing acceptance;spreading false rumors
Overt vs relational aggression
Girls are engaging in much more relational aggression, boys show much more overt aggression but** levels of aggression are similar**
Other gender differences: self-esteem
Men have higher self esteem than women
Why do girls who have a greater self-esteem decline than boys
Girls self confidence fairly high until age 11 or 12
* Assertive bout feelings
During adolescence
* Many girls accept stereotyped notions of how they should be (behavior and looks)
* Repress true feelings
* Adopt a “nice” and woman-like-self-presentation
Idealized standards of beauty may contribute to girl’s declining self-esteem
Historically, girls bodies change with puberty in ways that made it harder to maintain the idealized body type presented by the media
Boys body changes more consistent with idealized images
Gender difference in body types
Men have higher positive body image
Body images and girl’s self-esteem decline
Exposure to media showing thin body ideal linked to lower self-esteem
Hypothesis: girls in countries that begin receiving magazines depicting idealized body images will have lower self-esteem
for boys, is a larger self esteem decline with exposure to magazines
**For girls, there’s an even larger drop in self-esteem with exposure to magazines
**
Hyde et al: gender comes from
birth assigned gender, current gender identity, gender roles, gender social presentation, and gender evaluations
Sex differences
Actual difference between males and females in personality traits, self-esteem, aggression, achievement etc.
